{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:50:51Z","timestamp":1792007451750,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9300427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9300427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["969500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["969500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat explosions are sometimes observed during the synthesis of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. This scenario can be attributed to the high latent heat that was released and not dissipated leading to the occurrence of a runaway reaction. The synthesis temperature and time played important roles in controlling the heat release, hence preventing the resin from hardening during the synthesis process. This study aims to assess the rheological and viscoelasticity behaviors of the PF resin prepared using paraformaldehyde. The prepared PF resin was designed for laminate applications. The rheological behavior of the PF resin was assessed based on the different molar ratios of phenol to paraformaldehyde (P:F) mixed in the formulation. The molar ratios were set at 1.00:1.25, 1.00:1.50 and 1.00:1.75 of P to F, respectively. The rheological study was focused at specific synthesis temperatures, namely 40, 60, 80 and 100 \u00b0C. The synthesis time was observed for 240 min; changes in physical structure and viscosity of the PF resins were noted. It was observed that the viscosity values of the PF resins prepared were directly proportional to the synthesis temperature and the formaldehyde content. The PF resin also exhibited shear thickening behavior for all samples synthesized at 60 \u00b0C and above. For all PF resin samples synthesized at 60 \u00b0C and above, their viscoelasticity results indicated that the storage modulus (G\u2032), loss modulus(G\u2033) and tan \u03b4 are proportionally dependent on both the synthesis temperature and the formaldehyde content. Heat explosions were observed during the synthesis of PF resin at the synthesis temperature of 100 \u00b0C. This scenario can lead to possible runaway reaction which can also compromise the safety of the operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"2578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rheological Study of Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resin Synthesized for Laminate Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5204-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuruldiyanah","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayang Radiah","family":"Awang Biak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Advance Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Safety Engineering Interest Group, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zurina","family":"Zainal Abidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salit Mohd","family":"Sapuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Non-conventional Phenolic Resins -An Overview on Recent Advances","volume":"61","author":"Nair","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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