{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:12:01Z","timestamp":1783645921554,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTC-2017-6736-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC-2017-6736-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to measure the crack propagation speed in three types of self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers loaded under four different loading rates. Central-notched prismatic beams with two types of fibers (13 mm and 30 mm in length), three fiber volume ratios, 0.51%, 0.77% and 1.23%, were fabricated. Four strain gages were glued on one side of the specimen notch to measure the crack propagation velocity, a fifth one at the notch tip to estimate the strain rates upon the initiation of a cohesive crack and the stress-free crack. A servo-hydraulic testing machine and a drop-weight impact device were employed to conduct three-point bending tests at four loading-point displacement rates, the former to perform tests at 2.2 \u03bcm\/s, 22 mm\/s and the latter for those at 1.77 m\/s, 2.66 m\/s, respectively. With lower fiber contents, smooth mode-I cracks were formed, the crack speed reached the order of 1 mm\/s and 20 m\/s. However, crack velocities up to 1417 m\/s were obtained for the concrete with high content of fibers under impact loading. This value is fairly close to the theoretically predicted terminal crack velocity of 1600\u20131700 m\/s. Numerical simulations based on cohesive theories of fracture and preliminary results based on the technique of Digital Image Correlation are also presented to complement those obtained from the strain gages. In addition, the toughness indices are calculated under all four loading rates. Strain hardening (softening) behavior accounting from the initiation of the first crack is observed for all three types of concrete at low (high) loading rates. Significant enhancement in the energy absorption capacity is observed with increased fiber content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"4053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Propagation Speed of Dynamic Mode-I Cracks in Self-Compacting Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4176-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rena C.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Minera e Industrial de Almad\u00e9n, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13400 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-1567.1989.tb00982.x","article-title":"Measurement of crack velocity in concrete","volume":"13","author":"Gurbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. 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