{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:54:42Z","timestamp":1780880082731,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B111107002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B111107002"]}]},{"name":"General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51978409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcapsule based self-healing concrete can automatically repair damage and improve the durability of concrete structures, the performance of which depends on the binding behavior between the microcapsule wall and cement matrix. However, conventional experimental methods could not provide detailed information on a microscopic level. In this paper, through molecular dynamics simulation, three composite models of Tobermorite (Tobermorite 9 \u00c5, Tobermorite 11 \u00c5, Tobermorite 14 \u00c5), a mineral similar to Calcium-Silicate\u2013Hydrate (C\u2013S\u2013H) gel, with the linear urea\u2013formaldehyde (UF), the shell of the microcapsule, were established to investigate the mechanical properties and interface binding behaviour of the Tobermorite\/UF composite. The results showed that the Young\u2019s modulus, shear modulus and bulk modulus of Tobermorite\/UF were lower than that of \u2018pure\u2019 Tobermorite, whereas the tensile strength and failure strain of Tobermorite\/UF were higher than that of \u2018pure\u2019 Tobermorite. Moreover, through radial distribution function (RDF) analysis, the connection between Tobermorite and UF found a strong interaction between Ca, N, and O, whereas Si from Tobermorite and N from UF did not contribute to the interface binding strength. Finally, high binding energy between the Tobermorite and UF was observed. The research results should provide insights into the interface behavior between the microcapsule wall and the cement matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"4054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Molecular Dynamics Study on Mechanical Properties of Interface between Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningxu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.05.007","article-title":"The influence of curing on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays","volume":"87","author":"Beushausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705679","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705679","article-title":"Recent Advances in Intrinsic Self-Healing Cementitious Materials","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00650-0","article-title":"Crack closure of reinforced concrete by electrodeposition technique","volume":"32","author":"Ryu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.01.010","article-title":"Influence of polypropylene fiber geometry on plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete","volume":"36","author":"Banthia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.066","article-title":"Shrinkage and cracking studies of high performance concrete for bridge decks","volume":"28","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, N., and Xing, F. (2016). A Comprehensive Review of the Study and Development of Microcapsule Based Self-Resilience Systems for Concrete Structures at Shenzhen University. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10010002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350014","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793431113500140","article-title":"A microcapsule technology based self-healing system for concrete structures","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Tsunami"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.054","article-title":"Robust evaluation of self-healing efficiency in cementitious materials\u2014A review","volume":"81","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6062182","article-title":"Self-Healing in Cementitious Materials\u2014A Review","volume":"6","author":"Tittelboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Sun, P., Han, N., and Xing, F. (2017). Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Porosity of Organic Microcapsules Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composite. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10010020"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3109\/02652040309178083","article-title":"In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118009","article-title":"Stress-strain behaviour and pore structure of microcapsule-based self-healing cementitious composite under triaxial tests","volume":"241","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"764","article-title":"Study on Organic Microcapsule Based Self-Healing Cementitious Composite","volume":"239\u2013242","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.09.057","article-title":"Self-healing materials: A review of advances in materials, evaluation, characterization and monitoring techniques","volume":"87","author":"Bekas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhang, M. (2013). A Study on Microcapsule Based Self-Healing Method and Mechanism for Cementitious Composites. [Ph.D. Thesis, Central South University]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(98)00034-1","article-title":"Feasibility study of a passive smart self-healing cementitious composite","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMultCompEng.v8.i6.30","article-title":"Concrete as a hierarchical structural composite material","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"184","article-title":"Micromechanics model for the effective elastic properties of hardened cement pastes","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater. Compos. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.05.001","article-title":"Modeling the linear elastic properties of Portland cement paste","volume":"35","author":"Haecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.12.87966","article-title":"Computational simulation of elastomer nanocomposites: Current progress and future challenges","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.146","article-title":"Influence of electrostatic field on the adsorption of phenol on single-walled carbon nanotubes: A study by molecular dynamics simulation","volume":"363","author":"Qianrui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.03.007","article-title":"Photocatalytic concretes\u2014The interface between photocatalysis and cement chemistry","volume":"85","author":"Macphee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.04.001","article-title":"Mechanical properties of calcium silicate hydrate (C\u2013S\u2013H) at nano-scale: A molecular dynamics study","volume":"146","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combinatorial molecular optimization of cement hydrates","volume":"5","author":"Qomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., and Liang, Y. (2019). Effect of Water on the Dynamic Tensile Mechanical Properties of Calcium Silicate Hydrate: Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172837"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2013.12.016","article-title":"Calcium silicate hydrate from dry to saturated state: Structure, dynamics and mechanical properties","volume":"67","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2014.12.006","article-title":"Nano-scale investigation of elastic properties of hydrated cement paste constituents using molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"101","author":"Hajilar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2018.01.023","article-title":"Computational study of the nanoscale mechanical properties of C\u2013S\u2013Hcomposites under different temperatures","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1946","article-title":"Studies of the Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste","volume":"43","author":"Powers","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Proc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07446.x","article-title":"Proposed Structure for Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel","volume":"69","author":"Taylor","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1021\/acscombsci.9b00131","article-title":"Interfacial Interaction between Suolunite Crystal and Silica Binding Peptide for Novel Bioinspired Cement","volume":"21","author":"Lokendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Comb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13538-017-0491-2","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adsorption of Polymer Chains on the Surface of BmNn Graphyne-Like Monolayers","volume":"47","author":"Rouhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000055","article-title":"Materials Genome for Graphene-Cement Nanocomposites","volume":"3","author":"Alkhateb","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanomech. Micromech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.200","article-title":"Interfacial properties and nanostructural characteristics of epoxy resin in cement matrix","volume":"164","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.02.005","article-title":"Mechanical properties of jennite: A theoretical and experimental study","volume":"71","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2009.03055.x","article-title":"Growth of Cement Hydration Products on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"92","author":"Makar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1871","article-title":"Composition and density of nanoscale calcium-silicate-hydrate in cement","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.05.034","article-title":"Tobermorite\/jennite- and tobermorite\/calcium hydroxide-based models for the structure of C\u2013S\u2013H: Applicability to hardened pastes of tricalcium silicate, \u03b2-dicalcium silicate, Portland cement, and blends of Portland cement with blast-furnace slag, metakaol","volume":"34","author":"Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2016.03.043","article-title":"Molecular dynamics study on the mechanical properties of Portland cement clinker phases","volume":"119","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000026","article-title":"Computation of Elastic Properties of Portland Cement Using Molecular Dynamics","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanomech. Micromech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2010.06.005","article-title":"A molecular dynamics and microporomechanics study on the mechanical properties of major constituents of hydrated cement","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.05.041","article-title":"Determination of elastic properties of urea-formaldehyde microcapsules through nanoindentation based on the contact model and the shell deformation theory","volume":"215","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Xie, J. (2007). Preparation of microcapsule for electrophoretic display. [Ph.D, Thesis, Tianjin University]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1021\/ic202124x","article-title":"27Al and 29Si solid-state NMR characterization of calcium-aluminosilicate-hydrate","volume":"51","author":"Xiaolin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9500003682","article-title":"Hydrated Calcium Silicates Part 1: Compound Formation at Ordinary Temperatures","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2000\/0012-0411","article-title":"The real structures of clinotobermorite and tobermorite 9 \u00c5: OD character, polytypes, and structural relationships","volume":"12","author":"Merlino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00116.x","article-title":"The Crystal Structure of Tobermorite 14 \u00c5 (Plombierite), a C\u2013S\u2013H Phase","volume":"88","author":"Bonaccorsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.12.142","article-title":"Molecular dynamics modeling of the structure, dynamics, energetics and mechanical properties of cement-polymer nanocomposite","volume":"162","author":"Dongshuai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.143744","article-title":"The interactions between water molecules and C\u2013S\u2013Hsurfaces in loads-induced nanopores: A molecular dynamics study","volume":"496","author":"Shengwen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1063\/1.441285","article-title":"Electrostatic potentials and fields in infinite point charge lattices","volume":"74","author":"Heyes","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"27","article-title":"Simulation of Electrostatic Systems in Periodic Boundary Conditions. I. Lattice Sums and Dielectric Constants","volume":"373","author":"Perram","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.119","article-title":"The effect of varying volume fraction of microcapsules on fresh, mechanical and self-healing properties of mortars","volume":"122","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.145","article-title":"Experimental-computational approach to investigate compressive strength of magnesium phosphate cement with nanoindentation and finite element analysis","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.13368","article-title":"Molecular Simulation of Calcium Silicate Composites: Structure, Dynamics, and Mechanical Properties","volume":"98","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.144914","article-title":"Analysis of interfacial nanostructure and interaction mechanisms between cellulose fibres and calcium silicate hydrates using experimental and molecular dynamics simulation data","volume":"506","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00056","article-title":"Insight Into the Leaching of Sodium Alumino-Silicate Hydrate (N-A-S-H) Gel: A Molecular Dynamics Study","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2014.893036","article-title":"Molecular dynamics study of linear and comb-like polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution: Effect of Ca2+ ions","volume":"112","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3697477","article-title":"Ion condensation behavior and dynamics of water molecules surrounding the sodium poly(methacrylic acid) chain in water: A molecular dynamics study","volume":"136","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.11.039","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation of the nonlinear behavior of the CNT-reinforced calcium silicate hydrate (C\u2013S\u2013H) composite","volume":"82","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-019-0092-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the fracture resistance of asphalt concrete mixes including the effect of anisotropy","volume":"13","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.141","article-title":"Energy consumption characteristics of concrete using granulated blast-furnace slag sand related to nucleation and propagation of microcracks","volume":"218","author":"Kozo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2018.01.013","article-title":"New detailed insights on the role of a novel praseodymium nanofilm on the polymer\/steel interfacial adhesion bonds in dry and wet conditions: An integrated molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study","volume":"85","author":"Bahlakeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm00095g","article-title":"Mechanomutable properties of a PAA\/PAH polyelectrolyte complex: Rate dependence and ionization effects on tunable adhesion strength","volume":"6","author":"Cranford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b04344","article-title":"Nanostructural Characteristics and Interfacial Properties of Polymer Fibers in Cement Matrix","volume":"7","author":"Shalchy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.12.034","article-title":"Reinforcing mechanism of graphene at atomic level: Friction, crack surface adhesion and 2D geometry","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-020-01467-y","article-title":"Interfacial bonding between graphene oxide and calcium silicate hydrate gel of ultra-high performance concrete","volume":"53","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/18\/4054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:25Z","timestamp":1760177365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/18\/4054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13184054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13184054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]]}}}