{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:37:29Z","timestamp":1768415849656,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2016YFB1200506-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2016YFB1200506-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Promoting Talents in Liaoning Province","award":["No. XLYC1808038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XLYC1808038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the effects of axial ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure evolution, residual stresses distribution and fatigue fracture behaviour of a 7N01-T4 joint, and demonstrates that ultrasonic vibration can significantly promote the flow of plasticised metals, expand the stirred zone (SZ) width and refine the grain size. The longitudinal residual stresses of the joints are dominant, and the peak longitudinal residual stresses of the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on the advancing side (AS) (TMAZ-AS) in the ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding (UAFSW) joint are 31.5 MPa lower than those in the friction stir welding (FSW) joint. Compared to that of FSW joints, the fatigue strength of UAFSW joints increases by 20 MPa at 107 cycles (stress ratio of R = 0.1). At high-stress levels, crack initiation occurs at the TMAZ-AS, and is mainly attributed to high residual stresses and second-phase particles. At low-stress levels, fatigue cracks are likely to initiate in the transition zone (TZ).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"4582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fatigue Behaviour of 7N01-T4 Aluminium Alloy Welded by Ultrasonic-Assisted Friction Stir Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changshu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menggang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology &amp; Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology &amp; Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1179\/1362171815Y.0000000058","article-title":"Effects of welding environment on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AZ91C magnesium alloy joints","volume":"21","author":"Rouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Filippis, L.A., Serio, L.M., Palumbo, D., De Finis, R., and Galietti, U. (2017). Optimization and Characterization of the Friction Stir Welded Sheets of AA 5754-H111: Monitoring of the Quality of Joints with Thermographic Techniques. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10101165"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosturek, R., \u015anie\u017cek, L., Torzewski, J., and Wachowski, M. (2020). Low cycle fatigue properties of Sc-modified AA2519-T62 extrusion. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010220"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2017.02.011","article-title":"Microstructural variation through weld thickness and mechanical properties of peened friction stir welded 6061 aluminium alloy joints","volume":"126","author":"Abdulstaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2004.06.013","article-title":"On the fatigue behaviour and design curves of friction stir butt-welded Al alloys","volume":"27","author":"Lomolinoa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2007.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of fatigue strength of friction stir butt-welded aluminium alloy joints inclined to applied cyclic stress","volume":"30","author":"Kainuma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.02.011","article-title":"Influence of the kissing bond on the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of AA5083-H112 friction stir welds","volume":"719","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2014.12.011","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of AA 7475 friction stir welds with the kissing bond defect","volume":"74","author":"Kadlec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.02.024","article-title":"Influence of local fatigue damage evolution on crack initiation behavior in a friction stir welded Al-Mg-Sc alloy","volume":"99","author":"Besel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-013-0711-z","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the impact of tool design to fatigue behaviour of single-sided and double-sided welded butt joints of EN AW 6082-T6 alloy","volume":"22","author":"Krasnowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2008.09.078","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on the residual stresses in AA5083-H321 friction stir welds","volume":"501","author":"Lombard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-012-9716-5","article-title":"Processing, microstructure, and residual stress effects on strength and fatigue crack growth properties in friction stir welding: A review","volume":"43","author":"Biro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2014.01.021","article-title":"Tensile and fatigue behaviour of SZ, HAZ and BM in friction stir welded joint of rolled 6N01 aluminium alloy plate","volume":"63","author":"Sillapasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2015.07.012","article-title":"Fatigue crack initiation behaviours throughout friction stir welded joints in AA7075-T6 in ultrasonic fatigue","volume":"81","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2015.02.013","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour of friction stir welded Al-Mg-Sc alloy","volume":"77","author":"Besel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.105617","article-title":"Effect of texture and banded structure on the crack initiation mechanism of a friction stir welded magnesium alloy joint in very high cycle fatigue regime","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2011.10.017","article-title":"Effects of superimposed high-frequency vibration on deformation of aluminium in micro\/meso-scale upsetting","volume":"212","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/13621718.2018.1476084","article-title":"Process and joint quality of ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir lap welding","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.05.011","article-title":"Dissimilar friction stir welding of 6061 aluminium alloy and AZ31 magnesium alloy assisted with ultrasonic","volume":"201","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2017.10.022","article-title":"Ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding of aluminium and steel: Process and properties of EN AW 6061\/DC04-Joints","volume":"34","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2019.04.028","article-title":"Microstructure characterization and mechanism of acoustoplastic effect in friction stir welding assisted by ultrasonic vibrations on the bottom surface of workpieces","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.01.170","article-title":"Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the intermetallic compound layer formation in Al\/Cu friction stir weld joints","volume":"785","author":"Muhammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Park, K. (2009). Development and Analysis of Ultrasonic Assisted Friction Stir Welding Process. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Michigan]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-5813-8","article-title":"A study of the temperature field during ultrasonic-assisted friction-stir welding","volume":"73","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.12.007","article-title":"Effects of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding on flow behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01-T4 aluminium alloy joints","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2017.07.023","article-title":"Effect of ultrasonic vibration on fatigue performance of AA2024-T3 friction stir weld joints","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.01.087","article-title":"Study of local-zone microstructure, strength and fracture toughness of hybrid laser-metal-inert-gas-welded A7N01 aluminum alloy joint","volume":"688","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(02)00449-4","article-title":"Microstructural investigation of friction stir welded 7050-T651 aluminium","volume":"51","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.07.033","article-title":"Subgrain formation in ultrasonic enhanced friction stir welding of aluminium alloy","volume":"183","author":"Padhy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.11.062","article-title":"Analysis of residual stresses in thick aluminium friction stir welded butt joints","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2008.04.059","article-title":"Influence of time on residual stresses in friction stir welds in agehardenable 7xxx aluminium alloys","volume":"56","author":"Linton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.015","article-title":"Comparison of residual stress distributions in conventional and stationary shoulder high-strength aluminium alloy friction stir welds","volume":"242","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.03.079","article-title":"Origin of unusual fracture in stirred zone for friction stir welded 2198-T8 Al-Li alloy joints","volume":"693","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.03.002","article-title":"Modeling the effects of ultrasonic vibration on friction stir welding","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-014-2384-0","article-title":"Influence of the tool shoulder contact conditions on the material flow during friction stir welding","volume":"45","author":"Doude","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.07.082","article-title":"Interfacial sticking and slipping in the friction stir welding process","volume":"435","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-8603-7","article-title":"Material-flow behaviour during friction-stir welding of 6082-T6 aluminium alloy","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-8182-z","article-title":"Investigations on temperature distribution, microstructure evolution, and property variations along thickness in friction stir welded joints for thick AA7075-T6 plates","volume":"86","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.08.013","article-title":"The role of friction stir welding tool on material flow and weld formation","volume":"485","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.09.042","article-title":"Acoustic softening and stress superposition in ultrasonic vibration assisted uniaxial tension of copper foil: Experiments and modeling","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.05.001","article-title":"Numerical simulation of ultrasonic field and its acoustoplastic influence on friction stir welding","volume":"104","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.002","article-title":"Effects of pin thread on the in-process material flow behavior during friction stir welding: A computational fluid dynamics study","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/20\/4582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:21:27Z","timestamp":1760178087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/20\/4582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13204582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13204582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}}}