{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:06:01Z","timestamp":1773968761023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From their discovery, antibiotics have significantly improved clinical treatments of infections, thus leading to diminishing morbidity and mortality in critical care patients, as well as surgical, transplant and other types of medical procedures. In contemporary medicine, a significant debate regarding the development of multi-drug resistance involves all types of pathogens, especially in acute care hospitals due to suboptimal or inappropriate therapy. The possibility of nanotechnology using nanoparticles as matrices to encapsulate a lot of active molecules should increase drug efficacy, limit adverse effects and be an alternative helping to combat antibiotic resistance. The major aim of this study was to obtain and to analyze physico-chemical features of chitosan used as a drug-delivery system in order to stop the antibiotic resistance of different pathogens. It is well known that World Health Organization stated that multidrug resistance is one of the most important health threats worldwide. In last few years, nano-medicine emerged as an improved therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant infections agents. This work relies on enhancement of the antimicrobial efficiency of ceftriaxone against gram(+) and gram(\u2212) bacteria by antibiotic encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles. Physicochemical features of ceftriaxone-loaded polymer nanoparticles were investigated by particle size distribution and zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TG\/TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characteristics techniques. The obtained results revealed an average particle size of 250 nm and a zeta potential value of 38.5 mV. The release profile indicates an incipient drug deliverance of almost 15%, after 2 h of approximately 83%, followed by a slowed drug release up to 24 h. Characteristics peaks of chitosan were confirmed by FTIR spectra indicating a similar structure in the case of ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. A good encapsulation of the antibiotic into chitosan nanoparticles was also provided by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Morphological characteristics shown by SEM micrographs exhibit spherical nanoparticles of 30\u2013250 nm in size with agglomerated architectures. Chitosan, a natural polymer which is used to load different drugs, provides sustained and prolonged release of antibiotics at a specific target by possessing antimicrobial activity against gram(+) and gram(\u2212) bacteria. In this research, ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were investigated as a carrier in antibiotic delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T09:22:45Z","timestamp":1603790565000},"page":"4792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Loaded Chitosan Used to Limit Microorganisms Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leti\u021bia Doina","family":"Duceac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Str., 700511 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nicolae Oblu Neurosurgery Hospital of Iasi, 2 Ateneului, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Calin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Str., 700511 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucian","family":"Eva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Str., 700511 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nicolae Oblu Neurosurgery Hospital of Iasi, 2 Ateneului, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania <email>getamitrea@yahoo.com<\/email> (G.M.)"},{"name":"Saarbrucken-Caritasklink St.Theresia University Hospital, 66113 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Roxana","family":"Bogdan Goroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania <email>getamitrea@yahoo.com<\/email> (G.M.)"},{"name":"Sf. Ioan, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 2 Gheorghe Asachi Str., 800494 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marius Gabriel","family":"Dabija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolae Oblu Neurosurgery Hospital of Iasi, 2 Ateneului, 700309 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geta","family":"Mitrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania <email>getamitrea@yahoo.com<\/email> (G.M.)"},{"name":"Sf. Ap. Andrei Emergency Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei Str., 800578 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina Costina","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Sf. Maria Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children of Iasi, 62 Vasile Lupu Str., 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Hanganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Sf. Maria Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children of Iasi, 62 Vasile Lupu Str., 700309 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Discipline of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Gutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania <email>getamitrea@yahoo.com<\/email> (G.M.)"},{"name":"Emergency Military Hospital, 199 Traian Str., 800150 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liviu","family":"Stafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Str., 700511 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Public Health Directorate of Iasi, 2-4 Vasile Conta, 7001016 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Ariela","family":"Banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania <email>getamitrea@yahoo.com<\/email> (G.M.)"},{"name":"Sf. Ioan, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 2 Gheorghe Asachi Str., 800494 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Grierosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Str., 700511 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Str., 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alin Constantin","family":"Iordache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolae Oblu Neurosurgery Hospital of Iasi, 2 Ateneului, 700309 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-010-0015-6","article-title":"Investigations into the antibacterial behavior of copper nanoparticles against Escherichia coli","volume":"60","author":"Raffi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9758-7","article-title":"Enhanced Antibacterial Effect of Ceftriaxone Sodium-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Intracellular Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"13","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm. Sci. 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