{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:15:02Z","timestamp":1790435702729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Smart Scaffolds Built on Biocellulose 3D Architecture or Artificial Electrospun Templates for Hard Tissue Engineering (ScaBiES), PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-0871 (contract number 66\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Smart Scaffolds Built on Biocellulose 3D Architecture or Artificial Electrospun Templates for Hard Tissue Engineering (ScaBiES), PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-0871 (contract number 66\/2018)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POSCCE-A2-O2.2.1-2013-1\/ Priority Axe 2, Project No. 638\/12.03.2014, ID 1970, SMIS-CSNR code 48652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSCCE-A2-O2.2.1-2013-1\/ Priority Axe 2, Project No. 638\/12.03.2014, ID 1970, SMIS-CSNR code 48652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POSDRU\/86\/1.2\/S\/58146 (MASTERMAT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSDRU\/86\/1.2\/S\/58146 (MASTERMAT)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bacterial cellulose (BC) composite materials represent a promising approach for tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of two types of materials based on HAp and BC, with antibacterial properties provided by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The composite materials were obtained following two routes: (1) HAp was obtained in situ directly in the BC matrix containing different amounts of AgNPs by the coprecipitation method, and (2) HAp was first obtained separately using the coprecipitation method, then combined with BC containing different amounts of AgNPs by ultrasound exposure. The obtained materials were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, and FT-IR, while their antimicrobial effect was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and yeast (Candida albicans). The results demonstrated that the obtained composite materials were characterized by a homogenous porous structure and high water absorption capacity (more than 1000% w\/w). These materials also possessed low degradation rates (&lt;5% in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 \u00b0C) and considerable antimicrobial effect due to silver nanoparticles (10\u201370 nm) embedded in the polymer matrix. These properties could be finetuned by adjusting the content of AgNPs and the synthesis route. The samples prepared using the in situ route had a wider porosity range and better homogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T09:22:45Z","timestamp":1603790565000},"page":"4793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["In Situ and Ex Situ Designed Hydroxyapatite: Bacterial Cellulose Materials with Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-7377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Ionut","family":"Nicoara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Elena","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa-Ionela","family":"Ene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Stefan","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Maria","family":"Holban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Andreea","family":"Neacsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02618-3","article-title":"Three-dimensional cellulose-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite enriched with dexamethasone loaded metal\u2013organic framework: A local drug delivery system for bone tissue engineering","volume":"26","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27097-7","article-title":"3D biodegradable scaffolds of polycaprolactone with silicate-containing hydroxyapatite microparticles for bone tissue engineering: High-resolution tomography and in vitro study","volume":"8","author":"Shkarina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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