{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:35:41Z","timestamp":1782318941102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extended end-plate (EP) bolted connections are widely used in steel structures as moment-resisting connections. Most of these connections are semi-rigid or in other words flexible. The paper aims to study the behavior of such connections under the effect of column top-side cyclic loading using the finite element (FE) method. For semi-rigid connections, it is very vital to determine the moment-rotation relationship as well as the connection stiffness. These beam-column connections have been parametrically studied, the effect of joint type, shear forces, diameter of bolt, thickness of end-plate, and end-plate style were studied. Parametric studies show that the panel zone shear force is the key factor and has a significant effect on the connection stiffness. Finally, based on the component method, the stiffness of the bending component is improved, and the initial stiffness calculation model of the connection under column top-side cyclic loadings is established. The results show that the calculation model is in good agreement with the finite element analyses, and this proves that the calculation model proposed in this study could act as a reference method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"5133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Parametric Analysis and Stiffness Investigation of Extended End-Plate Connection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maohua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordnance Engineering College, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Combat Support, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Combat Support, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Combat Support, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1139\/l95-046","article-title":"Performance of steel structures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake","volume":"22","author":"Tremblay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. 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