{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:24:14Z","timestamp":1791494654521,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural systems developed from novel materials that are more durable and less prone to maintenance during the service lifetime are in great demand. Due to many advantages such as being lightweight as well as having high strength, corrosion resistance, and durability, the sandwich composites structures, in particular, have attracted attention as favorable materials for speedy and durable structural constructions. In the present research, an experimental investigation is carried out to investigate the flexural response of sandwich beams with a pre-cracked core-upper facesheet interface located at one end of the beam. During the development of the sandwich beams, an initial pre-cracked debond was created between the core and facesheet by placing a Teflon sheet at the interface. Both three-point and four-point flexural tests were conducted to characterize the flexural behavior of the sandwich beams. The effects of the loading rate, core thickness, and placement of the initial interfacial crack under a compressive or tensile stress state on the response and failure mechanism of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)\/Polyurethane (PU) foam sandwich beams were investigated. It was found that the crack tip of the initial debonding between the upper facesheet and the core served as a damage initiation trigger followed by the fracture failure of the core due to the growth of the initial crack into the core in an out-of-plane mode. Finally, this leads to facesheet damage and rupture under flexural loadings. An increase in the core thickness resulted in a higher peak load, but the failure of the sandwich beam was observed to occur at significantly lower displacement values. It was found that the behavior of sandwich beams with higher core thickness was loading rate-sensitive, resulting in stiffer response as the loading rate was increased from 0.05 to 1.5 mm\/s. This change in stiffness (10\u201315%) could be related to the squeezing of all pore space, resulting in the collapse of cell walls and thereby making the cell behave as a solid material. As a result, the occurrence of the densification phase in thick core beams occurs at a faster rate, which in turn makes the thick cored sandwich beams exhibit loading rate-sensitive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13235399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T09:16:49Z","timestamp":1606468609000},"page":"5399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Flexural Response of Degraded Polyurethane Foam Core Sandwich Beam with Initial Crack between Facesheet and Core"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gurpinder Singh","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golam M.","family":"Newaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zenkert, D. 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