{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:46:56Z","timestamp":1777502816948,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tribotesting of friction systems requires discussion on proper selection of its conditions and data presentation. System tribology is based, for example, on analysis of the friction contact, the roughness of the cooperating surfaces, and the wear rate of the rubbing elements or coefficient of friction in relation to the sliding distance. Friction pairs, consisting of an aluminum alloy sample with an oxide layer (Al2O3) with and without the addition of inorganic fullerenes like tungsten disulphide (IF-WS2) nanoparticles on its surface cooperating with a counter-sample made of polymer composites prepared on the basis of phenol-formaldehyde resin with different fillers, were tested using a device with a pin-on-plate friction pair system. The results of the experiments showed sufficient durability of the Al2O3 and Al2O3\/IF-WS2 oxide coatings in combination with the polymer composite. It was found that resin fillers such as cotton fibers, jute fibers, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) or graphite (C) influence the friction behavior of the tribological pairs. Although the values of the coefficient of friction obtained in the tests were quite high, their course during the tests ensured stable cooperation of the aluminum coating\/polymer composite friction pair on a 15 km distance, under a load of 0.5 MPa. The lowest coefficients of friction were obtained for oxide layers formed on aluminum combined with a polymer composite filled with cotton fibers and graphite. These studies provide information on the tribological properties of commercially available polymer composites cooperating with the produced oxide coatings, supplementing the available literature with the results of research on new, so far unexplored tribological partners. Microscopic investigation of the structure and morphology of the formed surface oxide layers and also microgeometry studies of both the friction elements were used to better understand the obtained research results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13235491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T07:49:54Z","timestamp":1606895394000},"page":"5491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Selected Polymer Composite-Aluminum Oxide Coating Tribological Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3289-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Korzekwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6225-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Boci\u0105ga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0608-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Bochenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.R. (2001). Alloying: Understanding the Basics: Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International.","DOI":"10.31399\/asm.tb.aub.9781627082976"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(96)09440-0","article-title":"Porous anodic alumina: Fabrication, characterization and applications","volume":"297","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.007","article-title":"Comparison of anodised aluminium surfaces from four fabrication methods","volume":"212","author":"Riddar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.01.002","article-title":"Nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide: Advances in surface engineering and emerging applications","volume":"58","author":"Losic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.12.158","article-title":"Influence of substrate preparation on the shaping of the topography of the surface of nanoceramic oxide layers","volume":"293","author":"Bara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475713","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/47\/475713","article-title":"Self-ordering behavior of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) in malonic acid anodization","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.01.046","article-title":"Structural features of self-organized nanopore arrays formed by anodization of aluminum in oxalic acid at relatively high temperatures","volume":"54","author":"Sulka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruera, F.A., Kramer, G.R., Vera, M.L., and Ares, A.E. (2019). Synthesis and morphological characterization of nanoporous aluminum oxide films by using a single anodization step. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9020115"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bara, M., Nied\u017awied\u017a, M., and Skoneczny, W. (2019). Influence of anodizing parameters on surface morphology and surface-free energy of Al2O3 layers produced on EN AW-5251 alloy. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050695"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068375517040020","article-title":"Optimization of mechanical and tribological properties of anodized 5754 aluminium alloy","volume":"53","author":"Bargui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(01)01717-0","article-title":"Characterisation of sealed anodic films on 7050 T74 and 2214 T6 aluminium alloys","volume":"154","author":"Snogan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.05.047","article-title":"Appearance of anodised aluminium: Effect of alloy composition and prior surface finish","volume":"254","author":"Aggerbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Aluminium oxide composite layers obtained by the electrochemical method in the presence of graphite","volume":"25","author":"Skoneczny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(00)00849-5","article-title":"Friction behaviour of anodic oxide film on aluminum impregnated with molybdenum sulfide compounds","volume":"132","author":"Maejima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"431","article-title":"Ceramic-graphite surface layers obtained by the duplex method on an aluminium alloy substrate","volume":"30","author":"Bara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Process. Eng. Inz. Chem. Proces."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Dry sliding wear and frictional behaviour of a356-x wt% sic\/gr hybrid composites produced by stir-cum-squeeze casting method","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vattikuti, S.V., and Byon, C. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers and nanosheets: Nanotribology. J. Nanomater., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/710462"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9051-8","article-title":"Synthesis and structural characterization of MoS2 nanospheres and nanosheets using solvothermal method","volume":"50","author":"Byon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"193","article-title":"A critical review on solid lubricants","volume":"7","author":"Sunil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"70","article-title":"Historical developments and new trends in tribological and solid lubricant coatings","volume":"180","author":"Donnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2018.02.039","article-title":"Enhancing tribological performance by anodizing micro-textured surfaces with nano-MoS2 coatings prepared on aluminum-silicon alloys","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSURFSE.2018.094771","article-title":"Experimental study on the; tribological properties of CuO-based biodegradable nanolubricants for machine tool slideways","volume":"12","author":"Nallasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, N., Hu, N., Wu, J., and Zhou, G. (2020). Tribology properties of synthesized multiscale lamellar WS2 and their synergistic effect with anti-wear agent ZDDP. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010115"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.10.044","article-title":"The effect of both surfaces textured on improvement of tribological properties of sliding elements","volume":"113","author":"Wos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.06.001","article-title":"\u010cesnik, D. Influence of geometry and the sequence of surface texturing process on tribological properties","volume":"115","author":"Podgornik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(01)00094-9","article-title":"Load bearing capacity of bronze, iron and iron-nickel powder composites containing fullerene-like WS2 nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Rapoport","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.03.073","article-title":"Zochowski, T. Experimental investigation into surface texture effect on journal bearings performance","volume":"136","author":"Galda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes, P.L., Rohatgi, P.K., and Omrani, E. (2018). Self-Lubricating Composites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56528-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.01.018","article-title":"De Baets, P. Revisiting polymer tribology for heavy duty application","volume":"376","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-679X(89)90170-9","article-title":"Tribology of polymers","volume":"22","author":"Santner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1644-9665(12)60235-0","article-title":"Tribology of polymers","volume":"7","author":"Rymuza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurdi, A., and Chang, L. (2018). Recent advances in high performance polymers-Tribological aspects. Lubricants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants7010002"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jozwik, J., Dziedzic, K., Barszcz, M., and Pashechko, M. (2020). Analysis and comparative assessment of basic tribological properties of selected polymer composites. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010075"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.7550","article-title":"Analysis of tribological properties of selected ptfe-based polymer composites in a sliding interaction with aluminium oxide (Al2O3)","volume":"280","author":"Skoneczny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684417747742","article-title":"A review on tribological behaviour of natural reinforced composites","volume":"37","author":"Sumithra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"273","article-title":"Whitworth, J. Tribology of polymers and polymer-based composites","volume":"32","author":"Brostow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"284","article-title":"Polymer tribology: Current state and applications","volume":"37","author":"Myshkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tribol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(03)00410-1","article-title":"Material transfer of POM in sliding contact","volume":"256","author":"Mergler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wear mechanism based on adhesion","volume":"2037","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1982","journal-title":"NASA Tech. Pap."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dmitriev, A.I., Jim, B.C., and Wetzel, B. (2019, January 14\u201316). Study the influence of size and shape of silica fillers in polymer composites on the tribolayer formation. Proceedings of the BALTTRIB\u20322019: X International Scientific Conference, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.15544\/balttrib.2019.04"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(91)90378-8","article-title":"Friction and wear behaviour of 18 polymers in contact with steel in environments of air and water","volume":"149","author":"Mens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wear"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/23\/5491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:40:36Z","timestamp":1760179236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/23\/5491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13235491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13235491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}}}