{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:05:31Z","timestamp":1774580731118,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Mining Institute","award":["Statutory Work No. 11153018-340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Statutory Work No. 11153018-340"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sewage sludge is a high-volume and low-cost waste commonly generated worldwide, so its utilization is a vital issue. The application of this waste in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates was investigated. The process was performed using intensive mixers with volumes of 5 and 30 L, as well as the industrial 500 L mixer. Then, granulates were sintered in a tube furnace. The influence of composition and mixer size on the particle size, microstructure, mechanical performance, and stability of lightweight aggregates in different environments was analyzed. The best results were obtained for a 500 L mixer, enhancing the industrial potential of the presented process. Increasing the share of sewage sludge in the composition of aggregates enhanced their porosity and reduced the specific weight, which caused a drop in compressive strength. Nevertheless, for all analyzed materials, the mechanical performance was superior compared to many commercial products. Therefore, sewage sludge can be efficiently applied as a raw material for the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates. The presented results confirm that a proper adjustment of composition allows easy the tailoring of aggregates\u2019 performance and cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1607590774000},"page":"5635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Manufacturing of Lightweight Aggregates as an Auspicious Method of Sewage Sludge Utilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5853-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Korol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwark\u00f3w 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"G\u0142odniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwark\u00f3w 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Hejna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Technology, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Material Engineering and Metallurgy, Silesian University of Technology, Krasi\u0144skiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Chmielnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paint &amp; Plastics Department in Gliwice, Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, 50 A Chorzowska Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Bondaruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwark\u00f3w 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110ur\u0111evi\u0107, D., Blecich, P., and Juri\u0107, \u017d. (2019). Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12101927"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, November 17). 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