{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:23:17Z","timestamp":1773962597413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interfacial bonding highly affects the quality of bimetallic bearing materials, which primarily depend upon the surface quality of a solid metal substrate in liquid\u2013solid compound casting. In many cases, an intermediate thin metallic layer is deposited on the solid substrate before depositing the liquid metal, which improves the interfacial bonding of the opposing materials. The present work aims to develop and optimize the tinning process of a solid carbon steel substrate after incorporating flux constituents with the tin powder. Five ratios of tin-to-flux\u2014i.e., 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20\u2014were used for tinning process of carbon steel solid substrate. Furthermore, the effect of volume ratios of liquid Al-based bearing alloy to solid steel substrate were also varied\u2014i.e., 5:1, 6.5:1 and 8.5:1\u2014to optimize the microstructural and mechanical performance, which were evaluated by interfacial microstructural investigation, bonding area determination, hardness and interfacial strength measurements. It was found that a tin-to-flux ratio of 1:10 offered the optimum performance in AlSn12Si4Cu1\/steel bimetallic materials, showing a homogenous and continuous interfacial layer structure, while tinned steels using other percentages showed discontinuous and thin layers, as in 1:5 and 1:15, respectively. Furthermore, bimetallic interfacial bonding area and hardness increased by increasing the volume ratio of liquid Al alloy to solid steel substrate. A complete interface bonding area was achieved by using the volume ratio of liquid Al alloy to solid steel substrate of \u22658.5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1607590774000},"page":"5642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development and Optimization of Tin\/Flux Mixture for Direct Tinning and Interfacial Bonding in Aluminum\/Steel Bimetallic Compound Casting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, Helwan 11421, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. M.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, Helwan 11421, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayyab","family":"Subhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"Abdel Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, Helwan 11421, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2008.04.074","article-title":"An investigation into stainless-steel\/structural-alloy-steel bimetal produced by shell mould casting","volume":"30","author":"Simsir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2007.07.050","article-title":"Solidification processed Mg\/Al bimetal macrocomposite: Microstructure and mechanical properties","volume":"461","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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