{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:21:35Z","timestamp":1789050095463,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tecnologico Nacional de M\u00e9xco","award":["Project TECNM-8207.20-PD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project TECNM-8207.20-PD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The review presented herein is regarding the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) phenomena of carbon steel pipelines affected by the corrosive electrolytes that comes from external (E) and internal (I) environments, as well as the susceptibility and tensile stress on the SCC. Some useful tools are presented including essential aspects for determining and describing the E-SCC and I-SCC in oil and gas pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive and critical review of a brief experimental summary, and a comparison of physicochemical, mechanical, and electrochemical data affecting external and internal SCC in carbon steel pipelines exposed to corrosive media have been conducted. The SCC, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement, and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) are attributed to the pH, and to hydrogen becoming more corrosive by combining external and internal sources promoting cracking, such as sulfide compounds, acidic soils, acidic atmospheric compounds, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, organic acids (acetic acid, mainly), bacteria induced corrosion, cathodic polarization, among others. SCC growth is a reaction between the microstructural, chemical, and mechanical effects and it depends on the external and internal environmental sources promoting unpredictable cracks and fractures. In some cases, E-SCC could be initiated by hydrogen that comes from the over-voltage during the cathodic protection processes. I-SCC could be activated by over-operating pressure and temperature at flowing media during the production, gathering, storage and transportation of wet hydrocarbons through pipelines. The mechanical properties related to I-SCC were higher in comparison with those reviewed by E-SCC, suggesting that pipelines suffer more susceptibility to I-SCC. When a pipeline is designed, the internal fluid being transported (changes of environments) and the external environment concerning SCC should be considered. This review offers a good starting point for newcomers into the field, it is written as a tutorial, and covers a large number of basic standards in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T10:42:47Z","timestamp":1608201767000},"page":"5771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Analysis of the Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Parameters and Their Impact on the Internal and External SCC of Carbon Steel Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luis Manuel","family":"Quej-Ake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Petr\u00f3leo, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P.07730, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas No\u00e9","family":"Rivera-Olvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Campus Ixtapaluca, TESI, Km. 7 de la Carretera Ixtapaluca-Coatepec s\/n, Ixtapaluca, Estado de M\u00e9xico C.P.56580, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yureel del Rosario","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Petr\u00f3leo, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P.07730, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzel Ariadna","family":"Avelino-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Petr\u00f3leo, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P.07730, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Garibay-Febles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Petr\u00f3leo, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P.07730, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1580-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Icoquih","family":"Zapata-Pe\u00f1asco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Petr\u00f3leo, Eje Central L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P.07730, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.F. (2013). Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118537022"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Logan, H.L. (1967). The Stress Corrosion of Metals, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. 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