{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:25:43Z","timestamp":1790933143993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-22604S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-22604S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8J19FR023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8J19FR023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16 013\/0001794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16 013\/0001794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15 003\/0000485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15 003\/0000485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pure polycrystalline cobalt is systematically thermally treated in order to assess the effect of the microstructure on the compression behavior. Isothermal annealing of the as-drawn material leads to recrystallization and grain growth dependent on the annealing temperature (600\u20131100 \u2218C). Consequently, the yield strength decreases and the fracture strain increases as a function of rising grain size; the content of the residual fcc phase is ~6\u201311%. Subsequent thermal cycling around the transition temperature is applied to further modify the microstructure, especially in terms of the fcc phase content. With the increasing number of cycles, the grain size further increases and the fraction of the fcc phase significantly drops. At the same time, the values of both the yield strength and fracture strain somewhat decrease. An atypical decrease in the fracture strain as a function of grain size is explained in terms of decreasing fcc phase content; the stress-induced fcc\u2192hcp transformation can accommodate a significant amount of plastic strain. Besides controlling basic material parameters (e.g., grain size and texture), adjusting the content of the fcc phase can thus provide an effective means of mechanical performance optimization with respect to particular applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T10:42:47Z","timestamp":1608201767000},"page":"5775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Effect of Different Thermal Treatment on the Allotropic fcc\u2194hcp Transformation and Compression Behavior of Polycrystalline Cobalt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Knapek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec\u2014\u0158e\u017e 130, 25068 \u0158e\u017e, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Min\u00e1rik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik","family":"Dobro\u0148","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec\u2014\u0158e\u017e 130, 25068 \u0158e\u017e, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"\u0160milauerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayerling Martinez","family":"Celis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Mat\u00e9riaux, Normandie Universit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 6508, 6 Boulevard Mar\u00e9chal Juin, 14050 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Hug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Mat\u00e9riaux, Normandie Universit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 6508, 6 Boulevard Mar\u00e9chal Juin, 14050 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Chmel\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2014.05.005","article-title":"Design of lightweight magnesium car body structure under crash and vibration constraints","volume":"2","author":"Kiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2006.07.034","article-title":"Grain-size effect on plastic flow in nanocrystalline cobalt by atomistic simulation","volume":"55","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharpe, W.N. (2008). A Brief Introduction to MEMS and NEMS. Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30877-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6425(79)90004-5","article-title":"The properties of metallic cobalt","volume":"24","author":"Betteridge","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/zamm.19280080302","article-title":"Mechanik der plastischen Form\u00e4nderung von Kristallen","volume":"8","author":"Mises","year":"1928","journal-title":"ZAMM-Z. F\u00fcR Angew. Math. Und Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Holt, R.T. (1968). The High Temperature Deformation of Cobalt Single Crystals. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of British Columbia]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sanderson, C.C. (1972). Deformation of Polycrystalline Cobalt. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.09.015","article-title":"Strain-induced phase transformation of a thin Co film on flexible substrates","volume":"121","author":"Marx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/0141861021000047159","article-title":"Microstructural aspects of the hcp-fcc allotropic phase transformation induced in cobalt by ball milling","volume":"83","author":"Sort","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4804273","article-title":"High-pressure torsion of pure cobalt: Hcp-fcc phase transformations and twinning during severe plastic deformation","volume":"102","author":"Edalati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2014.02.004","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk highly faulted fcc\/hcp nanostructured cobalt microstructures","volume":"91","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02647047","article-title":"The influence of the allotropic transformation on the deformation behavior of pure cobalt","volume":"3","author":"Holt","year":"1972","journal-title":"Metall. Trans."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/01418618308234904","article-title":"Weak-beam study of glide dislocations in h.c.p. cobalt","volume":"48","author":"Korner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.19630030617","article-title":"Plastische Verformung von Kobalteinkristallen","volume":"3","author":"Seeger","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (b)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.07.062","article-title":"Observation of twins in polycrystalline cobalt containing face-center-cubic and hexagonal-close-packed phases","volume":"528","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2010.04.031","article-title":"Deformation twinning in polycrystalline Co during room temperature dynamic plastic deformation","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/09500839.2015.1020351","article-title":"Size effects and Hall\u2013Petch relation in polycrystalline cobalt","volume":"95","author":"Fleurier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2017.09.038","article-title":"TEM analysis of the deformation microstructure of polycrystalline cobalt plastically strained in tension","volume":"134","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"177","article-title":"An X-ray Study of the Transformation of Cobalt","volume":"96","author":"Edwards","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Inst. Metals"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"728","article-title":"The transformation of cobalt","volume":"175","author":"Troiano","year":"1948","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2010.525541","article-title":"Kinetics of the allotropic hcp\u2013fcc phase transformation in cobalt","volume":"91","author":"Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Laughlin, D.E., and Hono, K. (2014). Physical Metallurgy, Elsevier Science. [5th ed.]. Number sv. 1,sv. 3 in Physical Metallurgy."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"109","article-title":"Electron Microscopy Studies of Martensite Microstructures","volume":"7","author":"Schryvers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2005.0218","article-title":"Transmission Electron Microscopy of Martensitic Transformation in Xe-implanted Austenitic 304 Stainless Steel","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55762-y","article-title":"High-temperature martensitic transformation of CuNiHfTiZr high- entropy alloys","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1990.0769","article-title":"Evolution of the microstructure of cobalt during diffusionless transformation cycles","volume":"5","author":"Munier","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C8\u2013477","DOI":"10.1051\/jphyscol:1987874","article-title":"Study of the hcp-fcc phase transition in cobalt by internal friction and elastic modulus measurements in the kHz frequency range","volume":"48","author":"Bidaux","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. Colloq."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(00)00297-9","article-title":"Latent heat in the thermoelastic martensitic transformation of Co","volume":"42","author":"Kuang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.128812","article-title":"Temperature effect on strain-induced phase transformation of cobalt","volume":"281","author":"Dubos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lej\u010dek, P. (2010). Grain Boundary Segregation in Metals, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12505-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2011.05.027","article-title":"Grain size effects on deformation twinning in an extruded magnesium alloy tested in compression","volume":"65","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sebastian, M.T., and Krishna, P. (1994). Random, Non-Random, and Periodic Faulting in Crystals, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0036-9748(83)90390-3","article-title":"A deformation map for cobalt","volume":"17","author":"Sargent","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scr. Metall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02645161","article-title":"Study of the phase transformation of cobalt","volume":"12","author":"Ray","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075504","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.075504","article-title":"Hall-Petch Law Revisited in Terms of Collective Dislocation Dynamics","volume":"97","author":"Louchet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2019.1580397","article-title":"Size effects and magnetoelastic couplings: A link between Hall\u2013Petch behaviour and coercive field in soft ferromagnetic metals","volume":"99","author":"Hug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200600023","article-title":"The Effect of Grain Size on the Deformation Behaviour of Magnesium Alloys Investigated by the Acoustic Emission Technique","volume":"8","author":"Bohlen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.01.100","article-title":"Deformation of twins in a magnesium alloy under tension at room temperature","volume":"594","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-3033-6","article-title":"Influence of the initial state on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AX41 alloy processed by ECAP","volume":"54","author":"Gubicza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(60)90166-8","article-title":"Electron microscopic investigation of the phase transformation of thin cobalt samples","volume":"8","author":"Votava","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/14786445108561272","article-title":"A mechanism for the growth of deformation twins in crystals","volume":"42","author":"Cottrell","year":"1951","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(66)90181-7","article-title":"Surface dislocations and the growth of deformation twins","volume":"14","author":"Sumino","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5088(72)90169-5","article-title":"Some Comments on the Burgers and Bogers-Burgers Transformation Mechanisms and Their Relation to Mathematical Theories of Martensite Crystallography","volume":"28","author":"Christian","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Less Common Met."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/24\/5775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:34Z","timestamp":1760179594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/24\/5775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13245775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13245775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]}}}