{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:01:51Z","timestamp":1792843311890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.333362\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.333362\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["13\/19420-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/19420-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["13\/50440-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/50440-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["15\/08566-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/08566-9"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2562-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2562-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2563-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2563-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are miniaturized devices based upon the electronic responses of organic semiconductors. In comparison to their conventional inorganic counterparts, organic semiconductors are cheaper, can undergo reversible doping processes and may have electronic properties chiefly modulated by molecular engineering approaches. More recently, OTFTs have been designed as gas sensor devices, displaying remarkable performance for the detection of important target analytes, such as ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the working principle of OTFTs for gas sensing, with concise descriptions of devices\u2019 architectures and parameter extraction based upon a constant charge carrier mobility model. Then, it moves on with methods of device fabrication and physicochemical descriptions of the main organic semiconductors recently applied to gas sensors (i.e., since 2015 but emphasizing even more recent results). Finally, it describes the achievements of OTFTs in the detection of important gas pollutants alongside an outlook toward the future of this exciting technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T20:39:29Z","timestamp":1608669569000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Organic Thin-Film Transistors as Gas Sensors: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Roberto","family":"Cavallari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engenharia de Energia, Universidade Federal da Integra\u00e7\u00e3o Latino-Americana, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, PR 85866-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletr\u00f4nicos, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loren Mora","family":"Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletr\u00f4nicos, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Daniel Flecha","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engenharia de Energia, Universidade Federal da Integra\u00e7\u00e3o Latino-Americana, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, PR 85866-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra Maria Rodriguez","family":"Marquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engenharia de Energia, Universidade Federal da Integra\u00e7\u00e3o Latino-Americana, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, PR 85866-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Enrique Eirez","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletr\u00f4nicos, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9122-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Josepetti","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletr\u00f4nicos, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4123-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleber Alexandre de","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Engenharia (C\u00e2mpus de Tup\u00e3), Universidade Estadual Paulista J\u00falio de MesquitaFilho (UNESP), Tup\u00e3, SP 17602-496, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Giordano","family":"Paterno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Pol\u00edmeros e Nanomateriais, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kymissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027-6902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tjong, S.C. (2014). 6-Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials for Organic Flexible Electronics. Nanocrystalline Materials, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.39.1098","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity in Doped Polyacetylene","volume":"39","author":"Chiang","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1063\/1.117151","article-title":"Organic electroluminescent devices with improved stability","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/318162a0","article-title":"C60: Buckminsterfullerene","volume":"318","author":"Kroto","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1789","article-title":"Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions","volume":"270","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/354056a0","article-title":"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon","volume":"354","author":"Iijima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.08.140","article-title":"Influence of polyaniline and phthalocyanine hole-transport layers on the electrical performance of light-emitting diodes using MEH-PPV as emissive material","volume":"516","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.173","article-title":"Flexible room temperature ammonia sensor based on polyaniline","volume":"240","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2019.107658","article-title":"Improved organic solar cell by incorporating silver nanoparticles embedded polyaniline as buffer layer","volume":"163","author":"Moiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200770","article-title":"Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene","volume":"332","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218461","article-title":"Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based on Vertical Graphene Heterostructures","volume":"335","author":"Britnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.182","article-title":"Sensitive room-temperature terahertz detection via the photothermoelectric effect in graphene","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075704","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/7\/075704","article-title":"Real time radiation dosimeters based on vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene","volume":"24","author":"Funaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1063\/1.332488","article-title":"Electrical properties of polyacetylene\/polysiloxane interface","volume":"54","author":"Ebisawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.23.130","article-title":"Field Effect Measurement of Organic Dye Films","volume":"23","author":"Kudo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1063\/1.97417","article-title":"Macromolecular electronic device: Field-effect transistor with a polythiophene thin film","volume":"49","author":"Tsumura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19880456","article-title":"Field-effect transistor with diphthalocyanine thin film","volume":"24","author":"Clarisse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(89)90121-X","article-title":"A field-effect transistor based on conjugated alpha-sexithienyl","volume":"72","author":"Horowitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1063\/1.115503","article-title":"C60 thin film transistors","volume":"67","author":"Haddon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/55.644085","article-title":"Stacked pentacene layer organic thin-film transistors with improved characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Electron. Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/29954","article-title":"Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube","volume":"393","author":"Tans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC04218F","article-title":"Towards pi-extended cycloparaphenylenes as seeds for CNT growth: Investigating strain relieving ring-openings and rearrangements","volume":"7","author":"Sisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.33.012802.100255","article-title":"Science and Technology of the Twenty-First Century: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"33","author":"Terrones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2170635","article-title":"An 8-Bit, 40-Instructions- Per-Second Organic Microprocessor on Plastic Foil","volume":"47","author":"Myny","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2013.2260130","article-title":"Parameter Extraction and Evaluation of UOTFT Model for Organic Thin-Film Transistor Circuit Design","volume":"9","author":"Yaglioglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Disp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1061","article-title":"Flexible active- matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors","volume":"3","author":"Gelinck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1889\/1.3500568","article-title":"47.3: A Rollable AM-OLED Display Driven by OTFTs","volume":"41","author":"Noda","year":"2010","journal-title":"SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.015","article-title":"Assessing biocompatibility of graphene oxide-based nanocarriers: A review","volume":"226","author":"Kiew","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2003). Twenty-five years of conducting polymers. Chem. Commun., 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The rise of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200305122","article-title":"Extracting Parameters from the Current\u2013Voltage Characteristics of Organic Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"14","author":"Horowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2402349","article-title":"Modeling of organic thin film transistors: Effect of contact resistances","volume":"101","author":"Natali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2009.2033309","article-title":"Organic Thin-Film Transistors: Part II\u2014Parameter Extraction","volume":"56","author":"Deen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Device"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104206","article-title":"Charge Injection in Solution-Processed Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Physics, Models and Characterization Methods","volume":"24","author":"Natali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2013.848455","article-title":"Organic Thin Film Transistors: Structures, Models, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2007.11.001","article-title":"Al2O3 as gate dielectric for organic transistors: Charge transport phenomena in poly-(3-hexylthiophene) based devices","volume":"9","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4876057","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of charge density dependent mobility and variable contact resistance from thin film transistors","volume":"104","author":"Venkateshvaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallari, M.R., Izquierdo, J.E.E., Garc\u00eda, D.C., Nogueira, V.A.M., Oliveira, J.D.S., Pastrana, L.M., Kymissis, I., and Fonseca, F.J. (2019, January 26\u201330). Cross-linked polyvinyl phenol as dielectric for flexible bottom gate bottom contact transistors. Proceedings of the 2019 34th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/SBMicro.2019.8919401"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(98)00365-8","article-title":"Integrated, high-mobility polymer field-effect transistors driving polymer light-emitting diodes","volume":"102","author":"Sirringhaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/16.936690","article-title":"Low-frequency noise in polymer transistors","volume":"48","author":"Deen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Device"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2009.04.015","article-title":"High field-effect mobility from poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin-film transistors by solvent\u2013vapor-induced reflow","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1525068","article-title":"Pentacene thin film transistors on inorganic dielectrics: Morphology, structural properties, and electronic transport","volume":"93","author":"Knipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600170","article-title":"High-Resolution Characterization of Pentacene\/Polyaniline Interfaces in Thin-Film Transistors","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2006.07.011","article-title":"Field-induced mobility degradation in pentacene thin-film transistors","volume":"7","author":"Mottaghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.09.017","article-title":"Performance comparison of pentacene organic field-effect transistors with SiO2 modified with octyltrichlorosilane or octadecyltrichlorosilane","volume":"13","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2015.03.047","article-title":"Self-aligned flexible organic thin-film transistors with gates patterned by nano-imprint lithography","volume":"22","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.07.014","article-title":"Device architectures for improved amorphous polymer semiconductor thin-film transistors","volume":"12","author":"Ha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2206555","article-title":"Low-voltage high-mobility pentacene thin-film transistors with polymer\/high-k oxide double gate dielectrics","volume":"88","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200800810","article-title":"\u03c0-\u03c3-Phosphonic Acid Organic Monolayer\/Sol\u2013Gel Hafnium Oxide Hybrid Dielectrics for Low-Voltage Organic Transistors","volume":"20","author":"Acton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5250","DOI":"10.1039\/b905263a","article-title":"Low-operating voltage organic field-effect transistors with high-k cross-linked cyanoethylated pullulan polymer gate dielectrics","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9001275","article-title":"High-k Organic, Inorganic, and Hybrid Dielectrics for Low-Voltage Organic Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"110","author":"Ortiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14890","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA00633J","article-title":"Universal solution-processed high-k amorphous oxide dielectrics for high-performance organic thin film transistors","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1769081","article-title":"Interface states and depletion-induced threshold voltage instabilityin organic metal-insulator-semiconductor structures","volume":"85","author":"Torres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-008-5008-y","article-title":"Subthreshold regime in rubrene single-crystal organic transistors","volume":"95","author":"Braga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2009.10.017","article-title":"The role of the dielectric interface in organic transistors: A combined device and photoemission study","volume":"11","author":"Stadler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1511826","article-title":"High-mobility polymer gate dielectric pentacene thin film transistors","volume":"92","author":"Klauk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2015.2442239","article-title":"On the Performance Degradation of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"15","author":"Cavallari","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1713035","article-title":"Bias-induced threshold voltages shifts in thin-film organic transistors","volume":"84","author":"Gomes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1063\/1.120529","article-title":"Bis(dithienothiophene) organic field-effect transistors with a high ON\/OFF ratio","volume":"71","author":"Sirringhaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903559","article-title":"Organic Transistors in Optical Displays and Microelectronic Applications","volume":"22","author":"Gelinck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603682","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201603682","article-title":"Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Transistor Circuits for Gray Scale Organic Light-Emitting Displays","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaas8721","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas8721","article-title":"Flexible active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display enabled by MoS2 thin-film transistor","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-019-0091-9","article-title":"Monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors patterned by photolithography for active matrix pixels in organic light-emitting diodes","volume":"3","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(03)00130-9","article-title":"The influence of bulk traps on the subthreshold characteristics of an organic field effect transistor","volume":"139","author":"Scheinert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2173711","article-title":"Improved organic thin-film transistor performance using novel self-assembled monolayers","volume":"88","author":"McDowell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3133902","article-title":"Solution-processed flexible organic transistors showing very-low subthreshold slope with a bilayer polymeric dielectric on plastic","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034006","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.1.034006","article-title":"Approaching the Trap-Free Limit in Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"1","author":"Batlogg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114517","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2400507","article-title":"Improved morphology and charge carrier injection in pentacene field-effect transistors with thiol-treated electrodes","volume":"100","author":"Bock","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409592","article-title":"Enhanced Sensitivity of Gas Sensor Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Thin-Film Transistors for Disease Diagnosis and Environment Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Cavallari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8832","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01275J","article-title":"An ammonia detecting mechanism for organic transistors as revealed by their recovery processes","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43831","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15427","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Air-Stable Easily Processable Gas Sensors Based on Langmuir\u2013Schaefer Monolayer Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Multiparametric H2S and NH3 Real-Time Detection","volume":"10","author":"Sizov","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M.S., Meresa, A.A., Kwon, C.M., and Kim, F.S. (2019). Selective Wet-Etching of Polymer\/Fullerene Blend Films for Surface- and Nanoscale Morphology-Controlled Organic Transistors and Sensitivity-Enhanced Gas Sensors. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101682"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2013.09.018","article-title":"Polymer dielectric layer functionality in organic field-effect transistor based ammonia gas sensor","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics3020234","article-title":"Organic Thin-Film Transistor (OTFT)-Based Sensors","volume":"3","author":"Elkington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00326H","article-title":"Organic field-effect transistor-based gas sensors","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, A., Pan, Y., and Chi, L. (2017). Gas Sensors Based on Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010213"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-017-5108-7","article-title":"Organic thin film transistor with conjugated polymers for highly sensitive gas sensors","volume":"25","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.027","article-title":"Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) in environmental sensing and health monitoring: A review","volume":"111","author":"Surya","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13554","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b02466","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Single-Crystal Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) Organic Field Effect Transistor","volume":"33","author":"Mun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.10.016","article-title":"Ammonia gas detection using field-effect transistor based on a solution-processable organic semiconductor","volume":"158","author":"Rajeev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22504","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b06458","article-title":"Helical Nanofibrils of Block Copolymer for High-Performance Ammonia Sensors","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700018","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700018","article-title":"Porous Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Enhanced Chemical Sensing Performances","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.063","article-title":"Air-stable vapor phase sensing of ammonia in sub-threshold regime of poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) based polymer thin-film transistor","volume":"246","author":"Sahu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701117","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201701117","article-title":"Solution-Processed Nanoporous Organic Semiconductor Thin Films: Toward Health and Environmental Monitoring of Volatile Markers","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1039\/C7QM00607A","article-title":"The lower rather than higher density charge carrier determines the NH3-sensing nature and sensitivity of ambipolar organic semiconductors","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2845873","article-title":"Electrical and ammonia gas sensing properties of PQT-12\/CdSe quantum dots composite-based organic thin film transistors","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803145","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803145","article-title":"Tuning the Morphology of Isoindigo Donor\u2013Acceptor Polymer Film for High Sensitivity Ammonia Sensor","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14974","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b01865","article-title":"Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Macroporous Semiconductor Films as High-Performance Humidity Sensors","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12887","article-title":"Ethylene Detection Based on Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Porogen and Palladium Particle Receptor Enhancements","volume":"9","author":"Besar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201504196","article-title":"Investigation into the Sensing Process of High-Performance H2S Sensors Based on Polymer Transistors","volume":"22","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.05.043","article-title":"Controllable gas selectivity at room temperature based on Ph5T2-modified CuPc nanowire field-effect transistors","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b00106","article-title":"Conjugated Semiconducting Polymer with Thymine Groups in the Side Chains: Charge Mobility Enhancement and Application for Selective Field-Effect Transistor Sensors toward CO and H2S","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC04908G","article-title":"Hybrid of P3HT and ZnO@GO nanostructured particles for increased NO2 sensing response","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36652-1","article-title":"Effect of Crystallization Modes in TIPS-pentacene\/Insulating Polymer Blends on the Gas Sensing Properties of Organic Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10196","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC01219B","article-title":"Crystallinity and grain boundary control of TIPS-pentacene in organic thin-film transistors for the ultra-high sensitive detection of NO2","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701399","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201701399","article-title":"Effects of Grain Boundary Density on the Gas Sensing Properties of Triethylsilylethynyl-Anthradithiophene Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"5","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.11.005","article-title":"Poly(3-hexylthiophene)\/polystyrene (P3HT\/PS) blends based organic field-effect transistor ammonia gas sensor","volume":"225","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2017.01.054","article-title":"Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymer for printed organic field-effect transistors and gas sensors","volume":"140","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dyes Pigment."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7322","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b14220","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Flexible NH3 Sensors Based on Printed Organic Transistors with Fluorinated Conjugated Polymers","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, S., Zhuang, X., Yang, Z., and Yu, J. (2018). Effect of Vertical Annealing on the Nitrogen Dioxide Response of Organic Thin Film Transistors. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8040203"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.002","article-title":"Sub-ppm and high response organic thin-film transistor NO2 sensor based on nanofibrillar structured TIPS-pentacene","volume":"279","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.07.008","article-title":"Interfacial modifying layer-driven high-performance organic thin-film transistors and their nitrogen dioxide gas sensors","volume":"49","author":"Zhuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2018.02.043","article-title":"Modeling of gate bias controlled NO2 response of the PCDTBT based organic field effect transistor","volume":"698","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38280","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b07838","article-title":"Improved Room Temperature NO2 Sensing Performance of Organic Field-Effect Transistor by Directly Blending a Hole-Transporting\/Electron-Blocking Polymer into the Active Layer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-017-9230-3","article-title":"Flexible organic thin-film transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) films for nitrogen dioxide detection","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701706","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701706","article-title":"UV\u2013Ozone Interfacial Modification in Organic Transistors for High-Sensitivity NO2 Detection","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Narayan, R.J. (2017). 4 - Screen printing and other scalable point of care (POC) biosensor processing technologies. Medical Biosensors for Point of Care (POC) Applications, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE00688G","article-title":"Morphology control strategies for solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films","volume":"7","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-016-0049-8","article-title":"A review on fabrication processes for electrochromic devices","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801445","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201801445","article-title":"Recent Progress in Inkjet-Printed Thin-Film Transistors","volume":"6","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10313","article-title":"Inkjet printing of single-crystal films","volume":"475","author":"Minemawari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700534","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201700534","article-title":"Employing Pneumatic Nozzle Printing for Controlling the Crystal Growth of Small Molecule Organic Semiconductor for Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3650","article-title":"Solution coating of large-area organic semiconductor thin films with aligned single-crystalline domains","volume":"12","author":"Diao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Da R\u00f3z, A.L., Ferreira, M., de Lima Leite, F., and Oliveira, O.N. (2017). 4-Nanostructured Films: Langmuir\u2013Blodgett (LB) and Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Techniques. Nanostructures, William Andrew Publishing."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4005","article-title":"Ultra-high mobility transparent organic thin film transistors grown by an off-centre spin-coating method","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.04.119","article-title":"Improved sublimation growth of single crystals of thiophene\/phenylene co-oligomers","volume":"516","author":"Yamao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8757","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB00450K","article-title":"Nanocoating for biomolecule delivery using layer-by-layer self-assembly","volume":"3","author":"Keeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24158","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24158","article-title":"Effect of pH on the structure and drug release profiles of layer-by-layer assembled films containing polyelectrolyte, micelles, and graphene oxide","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00509H","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers in organic electronics","volume":"46","author":"Casalini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.02.017","article-title":"Large [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl (PCBM) hexagonal crystals grown by solvent-vapor annealing","volume":"145","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201002682","article-title":"Solution-Processable Organic Single Crystals with Bandlike Transport in Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.06.061","article-title":"Exploring the ultrasonic nozzle spray-coating technique for the fabrication of solution-processed organic electronics","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20757","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04776","article-title":"Universal Spray-Deposition Process for Scalable, High-Performance, and Stable Organic Electrochemical Transistors","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(07)70016-0","article-title":"Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors","volume":"10","author":"Reese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2016.08.003","article-title":"Enhancement of carrier mobility along with anisotropic transport in non-regiocontrolled poly (3-hexylthiophene) films processed by floating film transfer method","volume":"38","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.05.040","article-title":"Electrical and ammonia gas sensing properties of poly(3,3\u2032\u2032\u2032-dialkylquaterthiophene) based organic thin film transistors fabricated by floating-film transfer method","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4915513","article-title":"Encapsulated graphene field-effect transistors for air stable operation","volume":"106","author":"Alexandrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23192","article-title":"Roll-to-Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials","volume":"51","author":"Krebs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2011.11.001","article-title":"Determination of carrier mobility in MEH-PPV thin-films by stationary and transient current techniques","volume":"358","author":"Amorim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2015.09.006","article-title":"A simple visible light photo-assisted method for assembling and curing multilayer GO thin films","volume":"165","author":"Cavallari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2661067","article-title":"A Hybrid Electronic Nose and Tongue for the Detection of Ketones: Improved Sensor Orthogonality Using Graphene Oxide-Based Detectors","volume":"17","author":"Cavallari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4989681","article-title":"Permanent water swelling effect in low temperature thermally reduced graphene oxide","volume":"110","author":"Papamatthaiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.42.1698","article-title":"Solitons in Polyacetylene","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.26.5843","article-title":"Comparative theoretical study of the doping of conjugated polymers: Polarons in polyacetylene and polyparaphenylene","volume":"26","author":"Chance","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.109","article-title":"The electronic properties of graphene","volume":"81","author":"Guinea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.09.037","article-title":"New insights into the density of states of graphene oxide using capacitive photocurrent spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Bansal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.74.085403","article-title":"Electronic transport in carbon nanotubes: From individual nanotubes to thin and thick networks","volume":"74","author":"Kaiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.092","article-title":"Recent developments on graphene and graphene oxide based solid state gas sensors","volume":"173","author":"Basu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037503","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0032003JES","article-title":"Review\u2014Conducting Polymers as Chemiresistive Gas Sensing Materials: A Review","volume":"167","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1967","article-title":"Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene","volume":"6","author":"Schedin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandhi, T., Chandnani, A., Subbaraman, H., and Estrada, D. (2020). A Review of Inkjet Printed Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes Based Gas Sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195642"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08508-3","article-title":"Simplified synthetic routes for low cost and high photovoltaic performance n-type organic semiconductor acceptors","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(97)00369-1","article-title":"Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of volatile carbonyl compounds in expired air from mice and human","volume":"702","author":"Ebeler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402961t","article-title":"Microfabricated Gas Chromatograph for Rapid, Trace-Level Determinations of Gas-Phase Explosive Marker Compounds","volume":"86","author":"Collin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9903-3","article-title":"Recent analytical approaches to detect exhaled breath ammonia with special reference to renal patients","volume":"409","author":"Krishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, K., Tarantik, K.R., Pannek, C., and W\u00f6llenstein, J. (2018). Colorimetric Materials for Fire Gas Detection\u2014 A Review. Chemosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors6020014"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201805244","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Molecular Probes for Chromo-Fluorogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide in Air, Aqueous Solution and Cells","volume":"25","author":"Toscani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2886131","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Gas Sensor: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2018.12.008","article-title":"Direct injection mass spectrometry technique for the odorant losses at ppb(v) level from nalophan\u2122 sampling bags","volume":"436","author":"Papurello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.11.156","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of formaldehyde using portable 2-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with photoionization detectors","volume":"283","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.213109","article-title":"Recent progress in fluorescent probes for detection of carbonyl species: Formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and phosgene","volume":"404","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1360785","article-title":"Electronic sensing of vapors with organic transistors","volume":"78","author":"Crone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103334","article-title":"Organic Thin-Film Transistors for Chemical and Biological Sensing","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(99)00176-X","article-title":"Anhydrous ammonia burns case report and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Amshel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9938-3","article-title":"Ammonia toxicity: From head to toe?","volume":"32","author":"Dasarathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2008.05.010","article-title":"A review of ammonia emission mitigation techniques for concentrated animal feeding operations","volume":"100","author":"Ndegwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.10.040","article-title":"Explosions of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in storage or transportation are preventable accidents","volume":"304","author":"Babrauskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.06.034","article-title":"Ammonia gas sensors: A comprehensive review","volume":"204","author":"Kwak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.05.031","article-title":"Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)\u2014 A review","volume":"140","author":"Kamal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006127516791","article-title":"Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology","volume":"33","author":"Kesselmeier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/3\/034001","article-title":"The human volatilome: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva","volume":"8","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3219","article-title":"The scent of human diseases: A review on specific volatile organic compounds as diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Buljubasic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.05.013","article-title":"VOC breath biomarkers in lung cancer","volume":"459","author":"Saalberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121187","article-title":"Skin ethanol gas measurement system with a biochemical gas sensor and gas concentrator toward monitoring of blood volatile compounds","volume":"219","author":"Arakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200907-1022CR","article-title":"Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in Workers at an Indium Processing Facility","volume":"181","author":"Cummings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800399g","article-title":"Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment","volume":"110","author":"Salthammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeles, F.B., Morgan, P.W., and Saltveit, M.E. (1992). CHAPTER 5-Roles and Physiological Effects of Ethylene in Plant Physiology: Dormancy, Growth, and Development. Ethylene in Plant Biology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091628-6.50011-4"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.226102","article-title":"Transition-Metal-Ethylene Complexes as High-Capacity Hydrogen-Storage Media","volume":"97","author":"Durgun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinelle, L., Gerboles, M., Kok, G., Persijn, S., and Sauerwald, T. (2017). Review of Portable and Low-Cost Sensors for the Ambient Air Monitoring of Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071520"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12029","article-title":"Chemoresistive materials for electronic nose: Progress, perspectives, and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, C., Santos, J.P., and Lozano, J. (2019). Use of Electronic Noses for Diagnosis of Digestive and Respiratory Diseases through the Breath. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9010035"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111782","article-title":"A review of optical interferometry techniques for VOC detection","volume":"302","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan, N.S., and Loscalzo, J. (2017). Sources of Exposure to Nitrogen Oxides. Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46189-2"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2012.07.008","article-title":"Physisorption to chemisorption transition of NO2 on graphene induced by the interplay of SiO2 substrate and van der Waals forces: A first principles study","volume":"405","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100169","article-title":"Towards low-cost QEPAS sensors for nitrogen dioxide detection","volume":"18","author":"Breitegger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2020.107136","article-title":"Sub-ppb level detection of nitrogen dioxide based on an optimized H-type longitudinal acoustic resonator and a lock-in white-light interferometry demodulation algorithm","volume":"253","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00182","article-title":"Ppb-Level Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Detection of Carbon Monoxide Exploiting a Surface Grooved Tuning Fork","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13922","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02772","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for ppb-Level CO Detection in a SF6 Gas Matrix Exploiting a T-Grooved Quartz Tuning Fork","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:22Z","timestamp":1760179702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}}}