{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:12:25Z","timestamp":1780078345092,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium and its alloys are characterized by high biocompatibility and good corrosion resistance as a result of the ability to form a TiO2 oxide layer. However, based on literature data it can be concluded that titanium degradation products, in the form of titanium particles, metal-protein groups, oxides and ions, may cause allergic, inflammatory reactions and bone resorption. The corrosion process of Ti6Al4V in the human body environment may be intensified by a decreased pH and concentration of chloride compounds. The purpose of this article was to analyze the corrosion resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy, obtained by the selective laser melting method in a corrosion solution of neutral pH and in a solution simulating peri-implant inflammatory conditions. Additionally, the influence of zinc oxide deposited by the atomic layer deposition method on the improvement of the physicochemical behavior of the Ti6Al4V alloy was analyzed. In order to characterize the ZnO layer, tests of chemical and phase composition as well as surface morphology investigation were performed. As part of the assessment of the physicochemical properties of the uncoated samples and those with the ZnO layer, tests of wetting angle, pitting corrosion and impedance corrosion were carried out. The number of ions released after the potentiodynamic test were measured using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP\u2013AES) method. It can be concluded that samples after surface modification (with the ZnO layer) were characterized by favorable physicochemical properties and had higher corrosion resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T21:18:57Z","timestamp":1609881537000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Influence of ZnO Oxide Layer on the Physicochemical Behavior of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"Walke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40 Street, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Jak\u00f3bik-Kolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Zi\u0119bowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Brytan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Adamiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants\u2014A review","volume":"54","author":"Geetha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.016","article-title":"A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications","volume":"78","author":"Hamidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.09.011","article-title":"Titanium alloy production technology, market prospects and industry development","volume":"32","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.06.051","article-title":"Surface characteristics, corrosion and bioactivity of chemically treated biomedical grade NiTi alloy","volume":"56","author":"Chembath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics2010001","article-title":"Implantable devices: Issues and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Bazaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2019.100783","article-title":"New insights into nickel-free superelastic titanium alloys for biomedical applications","volume":"23","author":"Ramezannejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.06.024","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanical and wear properties of titanium produced by three different additive manufacturing methods for biomedical application","volume":"760","author":"Attar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2004.08.018","article-title":"Metal ion release from metal implants","volume":"24","author":"Hanawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250986","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/250986","article-title":"Significance of tribocorrosion in biomedical applications: Overview and current status","volume":"2009","author":"Mathew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poitout, D.G. (2016). Biomechanics and Biomaterials in Orthopedics, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-664-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B1.14326","article-title":"Pain in the well-fixed, aseptic titanium hip replacement: The Role of Corrosion","volume":"86","author":"Hallam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. [Br.]"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"533","article-title":"Exposure to titanium dioxide and other metallic oxide nanoparticles induces cytotoxicity on human neural cells and fibroblasts","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800179f","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Mouse Fibroblast Cells","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-015-2196-8","article-title":"Metal ions as inflammatory initiators of osteolysis","volume":"135","author":"Magone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.12.003","article-title":"Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells","volume":"628","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"137","article-title":"Influence of metal ions on human lymphocytes and the generation of titanium-specific T-lymphocytes","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2449-2","article-title":"Titanium levels in the organs and blood of rats with a titanium implant, in the absence of wear, as determined by double-focusing ICP-MS","volume":"393","author":"Encinar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2017.0017","article-title":"Local Cellular Responses to Titanium Dioxide from Orthopedic Implants","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biores. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.04.037","article-title":"Antibacterial properties and chemical stability of superhydrophobic silver-containing surface produced by sol-gel route","volume":"453","author":"Heinonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004","article-title":"Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0727056","article-title":"Targeted photothermal lysis of the pathogenic bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, with gold nanorods","volume":"8","author":"Stone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.78","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of TiO(2) and Ag(2)O nanoparticles against drug-resistant bacteria and leishmania parasites","volume":"6","author":"Allahverdiyev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107254109","article-title":"Nanoalumina promotes the horizontal transfer of multiresistance genes mediated by plasmids across genera","volume":"109","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The effect of atomic layer deposition of ZrO2 on the physicochemical properties of cobalt based alloys intended for prosthetic dentistry","volume":"63","author":"Kosiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035004","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/9\/3\/035004","article-title":"Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles\u2014An antimicrobial study","volume":"9","author":"Padmavathy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9010","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b03513","article-title":"Photo-Inspired Antibacterial Activity and Wound Healing Acceleration by Hydrogel Embedded with Ag\/Ag@AgCl\/ZnO Nanostructures","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"308","article-title":"The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblast","volume":"1","author":"Foroutan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.022","article-title":"Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents","volume":"56","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19182","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02537","article-title":"Inorganic Surface Coating with Fast Wetting-Dewetting Transitions for Liquid Manipulations","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.008","article-title":"Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting and hot pressing in comparison with the commercial alloy","volume":"266","author":"Toptan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinma.2020.100122","article-title":"Corrosion resistance of selective laser melted Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy in salt fog environment","volume":"8","author":"Bower","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berbel, L.O., Banczek, E.D., Karousis, I.K., Kotsakis, G.A., and Costa, I. (2019). Determinants of corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy dental implants in an In Vitro model of peri-implant inflammation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210530"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392010000100011","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of ti and Ti6Al4V in citrate buffers containing fluoride ions","volume":"13","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Oshida, Y. (2007). Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.08.117","article-title":"Studies of bacterial adhesion on TiN, SiO2-TiO2 and hydroxyapatite thin layers deposited on titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy for medical applications","volume":"519","author":"Belcarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S148065","article-title":"Atomic layer deposition of nano-TiO2 thin films with enhanced biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity for orthopedic implants","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1599694","article-title":"New development of atomic layer deposition: Processes, methods and applications","volume":"20","author":"Oviroh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2017). PN-EN ISO 5832-3:2017-02 Implanty dla Chirurgii\u2014Materia\u0142y Metalowe\u2014Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 3: Stop Tytanu 6-Aluminium 4-Wanad do Przer\u00f3bki Plastycznej, ISO."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2013). ASTM F136\u201413; Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56401), West Conshohocken."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staszuk, M., Paku\u0142a, D., Reimann, \u0141., Kr\u00f3l, M., Basiaga, M., Mys\u0142ek, D., and K\u0159\u00ed\u017e, A. (2020). Structure and properties of ZnO coatings obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) method on a Cr-Ni-Mo steel substrate type. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194223"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2010). PN-EN ISO 10993-13:2010 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 15: Identification and Quantification of Degradation Products from Metals and Alloys, ISO."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seweryn, A., Pietruszka, R., Witkowski, B.S., Wierzbicka, A., Jakiela, R., Sybilski, P., and Godlewski, M. (2019). Structural and Electrical Parameters of ZnO Thin Films Grown by ALD with either Water or Ozone as Oxygen Precursors. Crystals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst9110554"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.01.003","article-title":"Atomic layer deposition of metal oxides on carbon nanotube fabrics for robust, hydrophilic ultrafiltration membranes","volume":"550","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"574359","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of titanium and its alloys as dental implants in normal saline","volume":"3","author":"Bhola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Lett. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392009000300018","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of three CP titanium dental implants in artificial saliva","volume":"12","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, G.K., Goldman, J., and Aghion, E. (2017). The prospects of zinc as a structural material for biodegradable implants\u2014A review paper. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7100402"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.04.010","article-title":"The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions","volume":"611","author":"Maret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Baszkiewicz, J., and Kami\u0144ski, M. (2006). Korozja Materia\u0142\u00f3w, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej OWPW."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basiaga, M., Walke, W., Antonowicz, M., Kajzer, W., Szewczenko, J., Domanowska, A., Michalewicz, A., Szindler, M., Staszuk, M., and Czajkowski, M. (2020). Impact of Surface Treatment on the Functional Properties Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214767"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, A., Adamiak, M., Chladek, G., Bonek, M., Walke, W., and Bialas, O. (2020). The Influence of Hybrid Surface Modification on the Selected Properties of CP Titanium Grade II Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122829"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2015.10.041","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4 V alloy in NaCl solution","volume":"102","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time-dependent Enhanced Corrosion of Ti6Al4V in the Presence of H2O2 and Albumin","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(99)00103-1","article-title":"Corrosion behaviour of porous titanium-graphite composites designed for surgical implants","volume":"42","author":"Blackwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-018-0863-9","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of NaCl and SO2 on the Initial Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc Under Wet\u2013Dry Cyclic Conditions","volume":"32","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/mawe.202000025","article-title":"Evaluation of electrochemical properties of antibacterial ZnO layers deposited to 316LVM steel using atomic layer deposition","volume":"51","author":"Basiaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materwiss. Werksttech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015009-1","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3676630","article-title":"Corrosion of zinc as a function of pH","volume":"68","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2016.08.001","article-title":"Influence of ALD process parameters on the physical and chemical properties of the surface of vascular stents","volume":"17","author":"Basiaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2015-0737","article-title":"Corrosion Behavior Analysis of Plasma-assited PVD Coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy in 2M NaOH Solution","volume":"20","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2012.12.017","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of titanium aluminides on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy produced by chemical vapor depositions method","volume":"36","author":"Sitek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.203","article-title":"Influence of the anodic oxidation on the physicochemical properties of the Ti6Al4V ELI alloy","volume":"162\/163","author":"Chrzanowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Master. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35241","article-title":"Nanoparticulate zinc oxide as a coating material for orthopedic and dental implants","volume":"103","author":"Memarzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirmanidou, Y., Sidira, M., Drosou, M.E., Bennani, V., Bakopoulou, A., Tsouknidas, A., Michailidis, M., and Michalakis, K. (2016). New Ti-Alloys and Surface Modifications to Improve the Mechanical Properties and the Biological Response to Orthopedic and Dental Implants: A Review. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2908570"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/la902296d","article-title":"Contact line pinning on microstructured surfaces for liquids in the Wenzel state","volume":"26","author":"Forsberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.08.023","article-title":"Hydrophilic\/hydrophobic surface of Al2O3 thin films grown by thermal and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition on plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)","volume":"305","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00577","article-title":"Investigation of the Hydrophobic Nature of Metal Oxide Surfaces Created by Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"35","author":"Bae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:07:16Z","timestamp":1760159236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/1\/230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14010230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14010230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]}}}