{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:17:08Z","timestamp":1789759028480,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008751","name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1322-559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1322-559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008751","name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1322-631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1322-631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 \u00b5g\/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Formaldehyde Emissions from Wooden Toys: Comparison of Different Measurement Methods and Assessment of Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgane","family":"Even","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Division 4.2\u2013Materials and Air Pollutants, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7501-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Division 4.2\u2013Materials and Air Pollutants, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kalus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM), Division 4.2\u2013Materials and Air Pollutants, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Schultes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute M\u00fcnsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-K\u00f6nig-Str. 40, 48147 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hutzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Luch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schulte, A., Bernauer, U., Madle, S., Mielke, H., Herbst, U., Richter-Reichhelm, H.-B., Appel, K.-E., and Gundert-Remy, U. (2020, December 21). Assessment of the Carcinogenicity of Formaldehyde [CAS No. 50-00-0]. Available online: https:\/\/bfr.bund.de\/cm\/350\/assessment_of_the_carcinogenicity_of_formaldehyde.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2014). Commission Regulation (EU) No 605\/2014 of 5 June 2014 amending, for the purposes of introducing hazard and precautionary statements in the Croatian language and its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation (EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures. Off. J. Eur. Union, 167, 36\u201349."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.N., Grice, J., Cullen, A.C., and Faustman, E.M. (2016). A toxicological framework for the prioritization of children\u2019s safe product act data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040431"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kotzias, D., Kephalopoulos, S., Schlitt, C., Carrer, P., Maroni, M., Jantunen, M.C., Cochet, C.H., Kirchner, S., Lindvall, T., and McLaughlin, J. (2005). The INDEX Project: Critical Appraisal of the Setting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Limits in the EU, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, December 21). German Committee on Indoor Guide Values. Available online: https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/en\/topics\/health\/commissions-working-groups\/german-committee-on-indoor-guide-values#textpart-1."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kaden, D.B., Mandin, C., Nielsen, G.D., and Wolkoff, P. (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants\u2014Part. 3 Formaldehyde, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Krause, C., Chutsch, M., Henke, M., Huber, M., Kliem, C., Leiske, M., Mailahn, W., Schulz, C., Schwarz, E., and Seifert, B. (1991). Umwelt-Survey 1985\/1986 Band IIIc: Wohn-Innenraum: Raumluft, Umweltbundesamt. (German)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Schulz, C., Detlef, U., Pick-Fu\u00df, H., Seiwert, M., Conrad, A., Brenske, K.-R., H\u00fcnken, A., Lehmann, A., and Kolossa-Gehring, M. (2010). Kinder-Umwelt-Survey (KUS) 2003\/06 Innenraumluft\u2014Fl\u00fcchtige Organische Verbindungen in der Innenraumluft in Haushalten mit Kindern in Deutschland, Umweltbundesamt. (German)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.11.096","article-title":"Data on formaldehyde sources, formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates in European housings","volume":"22","author":"Salthammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wilke, O., and Jann, O. (2018, January 22\u201327). Comparison of Formaldehyde Concentrations in Emission Test Chambers Using EN 717-1 and EN 16516. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA. paper 627."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmil\u00e4, V., Zabka, M., and Adamopoulos, S. (2018). Evaluation of dynamic microchamber as a quick factory Formaldehyde emission control. Method for industrial particleboards. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4582383"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0025-z","article-title":"Using the chemical mass balance model to estimate VOC source contributions in newly built timber frame houses: A case study","volume":"24","author":"Plaisance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800399g","article-title":"Formaldehyde in the indoor environment","volume":"110","author":"Salthammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2005). DIN EN 717-1:2005-01, Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Formaldehyde Release\u2014Part 1: Formaldehyde Emission by the Chamber Method, Beuth Verlag. German version EN 717-1:2004."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020). DIN EN 16516:2020, Construction Products\u2014Assessment of Release of Dangerous Substances\u2014Determination of Emissions into Indoor Air, Beuth Verlag. German version EN 16516:2017+A1:2020."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2018). Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit, Bekanntmachung analytischer Verfahren f\u00fcr Probenahmen und Untersuchungen f\u00fcr die in Anlage 1 der Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung genannten Stoffe und Stoffgruppen, German Federal Ministry for the Environment. (German)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2013). DIN EN ISO 16000-3:2013-01, Indoor Air\u2014Part 3: Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Indoor Air and Test Chamber air\u2014Active Sampling Method (ISO 16000-3:2011), Beuth Verlag. German version ISO 16000-3:2011."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2009). Directive 2009\/48\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on the safety of toys. Off. J. Eur. Union, 170, 1\u201337."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, December 21). Safety Gate: Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-Food Products\u2014Most Recent Alerts. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/consumers\/consumers_safety\/safety_products\/rapex\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02614465","article-title":"Formaldehydabgabe und Festigkeitsausbildung bei der Verleimung von Eichensp\u00e4nen mit Harnstofformaldehydharzen","volume":"33","author":"Roffael","year":"1975","journal-title":"Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(1996). DIN EN 717-3:1996-05, Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Formaldehyde Release\u2014Part 3: Formaldehyde Release by the Flask Method, Beuth Verlag. German version EN 717-3:1996."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"169","article-title":"Beeinflussung der Formaldehydemission aus unterschiedlichen Holzwerkstoffen in Abh\u00e4ngigkeit physikalischer Einflussgr\u00f6\u00dfen, Korrelation generierter Messergebnisse auf Grundlage verf\u00fcgbarer normativer Pr\u00fcfverfahren und Vorstellung einer Pr\u00fcfkammermethode mit alternativem Bewertungsansatz zur Charakterisierung der Formaldehydbelastung an Holzspielzeug","volume":"107","author":"Maciej","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2007). DIN, EN 71-9:2007-09 Safety of Toys\u2014Part 9: Organic Chemical Compounds\u2014Requirements, Beuth Verlag. German version EN 71-9:2005+A1:2007."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"German Federal Authorities BGA and BMJFFG, and Regional Authorities Responsible for the Safety of Consumer Goods from the Market. Internal Communications Dated 25\/02\/1989 and 15\/03\/1989. Not Publicly Available."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Protokoll der 9 (2020, December 21). Sitzung der BfR-Kommission f\u00fcr Bedarfsgegenst\u00e4nde. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/343\/9-sitzung-der-bfr-kommission-fuer-bedarfsgegenstaende.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019). Commission Directive (EU) 2019\/1929 of 19 November 2019 amending Appendix C to Annex II to Directive 2009\/48\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council for the purpose of adopting specific limit values for chemicals used in certain toys, as regards formaldehyde. Off. J. Eur. Union, 299, 51\u201354."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, December 21). Verordnung \u00fcber Verbote und Beschr\u00e4nkungen des Inverkehrbringens und \u00fcber die Abgabe bestimmter Stoffe, Gemische und Erzeugnisse nach dem Chemikaliengesetz. Available online: https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/chemverbotsv_2017\/ChemVerbotsV.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1999.00006.x","article-title":"Determination of formaldehyde emission with field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC)--recovery and correlation to the chamber method","volume":"9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.079","article-title":"Formaldehyde emission\u2014Comparison of different standard methods","volume":"41","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.07.058","article-title":"VOC and carbonyl emissions from carpets: A comparative study using four types of environmental chambers","volume":"152","author":"Katsoyiannis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12605","article-title":"Emissions of volatile organic compounds from polymer-based consumer products: Comparison of three emission chamber sizes","volume":"30","author":"Even","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-1057-2","article-title":"A microscale device for measuring emissions from materials for indoor use","volume":"387","author":"Schripp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015). DIN EN ISO 12460-5:2015, Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Formaldehyde Release\u2014Part 5: Extraction Method (Called the Perforator Method), Beuth Verlag. German version EN ISO 12460-5:2015."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Lerch, O., and Kleine-Benne, E. (2017). Determination of Formaldehyde and VOCs in Wood-Based Products using an Automated Micro-Scale Chamber, Gerstel. GERSTEL Application Note."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00007.x","article-title":"Design and characterization of the CLIMPAQ, Chamber for Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution and Air Quality","volume":"4","author":"Gunnarsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02611595","article-title":"Formaldehydbestimmung nach der WKI-Flaschen-Methode und hiervon abgeleiteten Verfahren","volume":"46","author":"Roffael","year":"1988","journal-title":"Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00202","article-title":"Emissions of VOCs from polymer-based consumer products: From emission data of real samples to the assessment of inhalation exposure","volume":"7","author":"Even","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"BfR Opinion (2020, December 21). BfR schl\u00e4gt die \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung des Grenzwertes der DIN-Norm f\u00fcr die Formaldehydausgasung aus Holzspielzeug vor (in German). Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/343\/bfr_schlaegt_die_ueberpruefung_des_grenzwertes_der_din_norm_fuer_die_formaldehydausgasung_aus_holzspielzeug_vor.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.61.6.689","article-title":"Effect of temperature and humidity on formaldehyde emissions in temporary housing units","volume":"61","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2017). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 CFR \u00a7 770 on Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products, Subpart C\u2014Composite Wood Products, \u00a7770.10 Formaldehyde Emission Standards, US EPA."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"JIS A 1460 (2001). Building Boards. Determination of Formaldehyde Emission\u2014Desiccator Method, Japanese Industrial Standard Committee."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/2\/262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:08:04Z","timestamp":1760159284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/2\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14020262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14020262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]}}}