{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:01:26Z","timestamp":1787158886521,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of the fracture toughness of concretes containing two mineral additives. During the tests, the method of loading the specimens according to Mode I fracture was used. The research included an evaluation of mechanical parameters of concrete containing noncondensed silica fume (SF) in an amount of 10% and siliceous fly ash (FA) in the following amounts: 0%, 10% and 20%. The experiments were carried out on mature specimens, i.e., after 28 days of curing and specimens at an early age, i.e., after 3 and 7 days of curing. In the course of experiments, the effect of adding SF to the value of the critical stress intensity factor\u2014KIcS in FA concretes in different periods of curing were evaluated. In addition, the basic strength parameters of concrete composites, i.e., compressive strength\u2014fcm and splitting tensile strength\u2014fctm, were measured. A novelty in the presented research is the evaluation of the fracture toughness of concretes with two mineral additives, assessed at an early age. During the tests, the structures of all composites and the nature of macroscopic crack propagation were also assessed. A modern and useful digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to assess macroscopic cracks. Based on the conducted research, it was found the application of SF to FA concretes contributes to a significant increase in the fracture toughness of these materials at an early age. Moreover, on the basis of the obtained test results, it was found that the values of the critical stress intensity factor of analyzed concretes were convergent qualitatively with their strength parameters. It also has been demonstrated that in the first 28 days of concrete curing, the preferred solution is to replace cement with SF in the amount of 10% or to use a cement binder substitution with a combination of additives in proportions 10% SF + 10% FA. On the other hand, the composition of mineral additives in proportions 10% SF + 20% FA has a negative effect on the fracture mechanics parameters of concretes at an early age. Based on the analysis of the results of microstructural tests and the evaluation of the propagation of macroscopic cracks, it was established that along with the substitution of the cement binder with the combination of mineral additives, the composition of the cement matrix in these composites changes, which implies a different, i.e., quasi-plastic, behavior in the process of damage and destruction of the material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Studies of Fracture Toughness in Concretes Containing Fly Ash and Silica Fume in the First 28 Days of Curing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9325-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz Ludwik","family":"Golewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian Marek","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.14311\/AP.2019.59.0560","article-title":"Comparative study and empirical modelling of pulverized coconut shell, periwinkle shell and palm kernel shell as a pozzolans in concrete","volume":"59","author":"Ikponmwosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Polytech."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Studies of natural radioactivity of concrete with siliceous fly ash addition","volume":"2","author":"Golewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. 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