{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:31Z","timestamp":1787028811075,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant","award":["51779095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779095"]}]},{"name":"the Science Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province","award":["20HASTIT013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HASTIT013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the high-temperature test (i.e., temperature to 1000 \u00b0C) is conducted on 600 MPa seismic steel bars, and its residual mechanical properties and constitutive relations are investigated though three cooling rates, i.e., under air, furnace, and water-cooling conditions. Results show that three cooling methods have significant effects on the apparent characteristics of 600 MPa steel bars, when the heating temperature is greater than 600 \u00b0C. In addition, the ultimate and yield strength of steel bars have been significantly affected by different cooling methods, with increasing heating temperature. However, the elastic modulus is significantly not affected by temperature. Furthermore, the elongation rate after fracture and the total elongation rate at the maximum force do not change significantly, when the heating temperature is less than 650 \u00b0C. The elongation rate, after fracture, and the total elongation rate, at the maximum force, have different changes for three cooling methods. The degeneration of the stress\u2013strain curves occurs when the heating temperature is high. The two-fold line, three-fold line, and Ramberg\u2013Osgood models are developed based on the stress\u2013strain curve characteristics of steel bars after cooling. The fire resistance of 600 MPa steel bars of reinforced concrete structure is analyzed, which provides a basis for post-disaster damage assessment, repair, and reinforcement of the building structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T11:39:55Z","timestamp":1611056395000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Residual Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of High-Strength Seismic Steel Bars through Different Cooling Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8948-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhua","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiqiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"School of Architectural Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451150, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lielie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Communication, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109508","article-title":"High-strength bar reinforced concrete walls: Cyclic loading test and strength prediction","volume":"198","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Shear-Friction Strength of Low-Rise Walls with 550 MPa (80 ksi) Reinforcing Bars under Cyclic Loading","volume":"115","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.06.047","article-title":"Axial compressive behavior of concrete columns with grade 600 MPa reinforcing bars","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.106107","article-title":"Multi-criteria evaluation of wheel\/rail degradation at railway crossings","volume":"144","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.11.122","article-title":"Experimental studies on mechanical properties of corroded steel bars after elevated temperature","volume":"210","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Earthquake-resistant squat walls reinforced with high-strength steel","volume":"113","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Conc. Inst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1717)","article-title":"Experimental studies on the properties of constructional steel at elevated temperatures","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.018","article-title":"Dependence of mechanical properties of high strength steel S690 on elevated temperatures","volume":"30","author":"Qiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"ACI Committee 318 (2011). ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"CEN.EN1992-1-1 (2004). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures\u2014Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, Britsh Standards Institution."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"FDEAS 412-2: 2013 (2013). Steel for the Reinforcement of Concrete\u2014Part 2: Ribbed Bars."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.849","article-title":"Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures and after cooling down","volume":"28","author":"Outinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2014.01.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of very high strength steel at elevated temperatures","volume":"64","author":"Heidarpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2014.02.003","article-title":"Mechanical properties of heat-treated high strength steel under fire\/post-fire conditions","volume":"98","author":"Chiew","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:12(1948)","article-title":"Behavior of high strength structural steel at elevated temperatures","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000041","article-title":"High-temperature properties of steel for fire resistance modeling of structures","volume":"22","author":"Kodur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.051","article-title":"Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of pre-damaged steel reinforcing bars","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2009.05.004","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement at elevated temperature","volume":"44","author":"Elghazouli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2018.12.006","article-title":"Elevated temperature characteristics of steel reinforcement incorporating threaded mechanical couplers","volume":"104","author":"Bompa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"GB\/T1499.2 (2018). Steel for Reinforced Concrete. Part 2: Hot-Rolled Ribbed Steel Bars."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"93","article-title":"Mechanical properties of 600 MPa reinforced steel after high temperature","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chang\u2018an Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Chen, W. (2010). Seismic Performance Analysis of New Seismic Reinforcement, Hefei University of Technology. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"122","article-title":"Research on the mechanical properties and constitutive model of 600 MPa class new seismic reinforcement","volume":"26","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Found. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"GB 50010 (2010). Code for Design of Concrete Structures, China Building Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"ASTM A706\/A706M-14 (2014). Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"GB\/T 228.1 (2011). Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials\u2014Part 1: Methods of Test at Room Temperature."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"81","article-title":"Experimental study on mechanical properties of HRB400 steel bars after high temperature cooling","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"CEB-FIP MC 90 (1993). CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, Thomas Telford House."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Shao, Y., and Bao, W. (2010, August 28). Simulation Method of Tensile Stress-Strain Relationship of Cast Steel Used in Construction. J. Struct. Eng. Res. Steel Struct.\u2014The 12th Session (ASSF-2010) of Structural Stability and Fatigue Branch of China Association of Steel and Industry. Available online: http:\/\/kns.cnki.net."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/2\/469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:04Z","timestamp":1760159584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/2\/469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14020469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14020469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]}}}