{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:41:41Z","timestamp":1789425701827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to gain information about the effect of thermal treatment of calcium silicate-based sealers. BioRoot RCS (BR), Total Fill BC Sealer (TFBC), and Total Fill BC Sealer HiFlow (TFHF) were exposed to thermal treatment at 37 \u00b0C, 47 \u00b0C, 57 \u00b0C, 67 \u00b0C, 77 \u00b0C, 87 \u00b0C and 97 \u00b0C for 30 s. Heat treatment at 97 \u00b0C was performed for 60 and 180 s to simulate inappropriate application of warm obturation techniques. Thereafter, specimens were cooled to 37 \u00b0C and physical properties (setting time\/flow\/film thickness according to ISO 6876) were evaluated. Chemical properties (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) were assessed after incubation of the specimens in an incubator at 37 \u00b0C and 100% humidity for 8 weeks. Statistical analysis of physical properties was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis-Test (P = 0.05). The setting time, flow, and film thickness of TFBC and TFHF were not relevantly influenced by thermal treatment. Setting time of BR decreased slightly when temperature of heat application increased from 37 \u00b0C to 77 \u00b0C (P &lt; 0.05). Further heat treatment of BR above 77 \u00b0C led to an immediate setting. FT-IR spectroscopy did not reveal any chemical changes for either sealers. Thermal treatment did not lead to any substantial chemical changes at all temperature levels, while physical properties of BR were compromised by heating. TFBC and TFHF can be considered suitable for warm obturation techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1612440130000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Physico-Chemical Investigation of Endodontic Sealers Exposed to Simulated Intracanal Heat Application: Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Donnermeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building W 30, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ibing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building W 30, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"B\u00fcrklein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building W 30, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Planetology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian P.","family":"Reitze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Planetology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building W 30, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-018-0400-3","article-title":"Endodontic sealers based on calcium silicates: A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Donnermeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2767-5","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of direct pulp capping using a calcium silicate cement-treatment outcomes over an average period of 2.3 years","volume":"23","author":"Harms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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