{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1768550738763,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Funds of Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","award":["034718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["034718"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tin oxide is one of the most promising electrode materials as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries due to its higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite. However, it suffers lack of stability due to volume changes and low electrical conductivity while cycling. To overcome these issues, a new composite consisting of SnO2 and carbonaceous matrix was fabricated. Naturally abundant and renewable chitosan was chosen as a carbon source. The electrode material exhibiting 467 mAh g\u22121 at the current density of 18 mA g\u22121 and a capacity fade of only 2% after 70 cycles is a potential candidate for graphite replacement. Such good electrochemical performance is due to strong interaction between amine groups from chitosan and surface hydroxyl groups of SnO2 at the preparation stage. However, the charge storage is mainly contributed by a diffusion-controlled process showing that the best results might be obtained for low current rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej P.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6193-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141api\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Zarach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Trzci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6590-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Szkoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro\/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Tylingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1858","article-title":"Literature review on energy consumption and conservation in mobile device","volume":"95","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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