{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1790833353346,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB1106501; 2018YFB1106505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1106501; 2018YFB1106505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51905190; 52075197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51905190; 52075197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019kfyXJJS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019kfyXJJS001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two single track multi-layer walls with linear energy inputs (LEIs) of 219 and 590 J\/mm were deposited by cold metal transfer-based wire arc additive manufacturing system. Combined with the X-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscope and uniaxial tensile tests, the influences of LEI and cooling rate (CR) on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of the studied steel are analyzed. It is observed that the microstructures of the studied steel are mainly composed of \u03b4-ferrite and austenite dendrites. \u03c3 phase is formed on the \u03b4ferrite\u2013austenite interface under low CR. Meanwhile, the primary dendrites\u2019 spacing decreases with the decrease in LEI or the increase in CR, and the maximal primary dendrites\u2019 spacing is 32 \u03bcm. The values of elongation to fracture roughly decline with the decrease in LEI or the increase in CR, but the variations of ultimate tensile strength and yield stress show an opposite trend. In addition, the mesoscopic damages in the studied steel under low LEI are mainly caused by the coalescence of pores. While under high LEI, the cracks are induced by the dislocations piling up around \u03b4-ferrite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1617033717000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5501-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &amp; Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05766-0","article-title":"Process planning of automatic wire arc additive remanufacturing for hot forging die","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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