{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:46:22Z","timestamp":1780393582012,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program PRIN funds of Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, Universit\u00e0 e Ricerca","award":["Prot. 20102ZLNJ5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prot. 20102ZLNJ5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maxillary sinus augmentation is often necessary prior to implantology procedure, in particular in cases of atrophic posterior maxilla. In this context, bone substitute biomaterials made of biphasic calcium phosphates, produced by three-dimensional additive manufacturing were shown to be highly biocompatible with an efficient osteoconductivity, especially when combined with cell-based tissue engineering. Thus, in the present research, osteoinduction and osteoconduction properties of biphasic calcium-phosphate constructs made by direct rapid prototyping and engineered with ovine-derived amniotic epithelial cells or amniotic fluid cells were evaluated. More in details, this preclinical study was performed using adult sheep targeted to receive scaffold alone (CTR), oAFSMC, or oAEC engineered constructs. The grafted sinuses were explanted at 90 days and a cross-linked experimental approach based on Synchrotron Radiation microCT and histology analysis was performed on the complete set of samples. The study, performed taking into account the distance from native surrounding bone, demonstrated that no significant differences occurred in bone regeneration between oAEC-, oAFMSC-cultured, and Ctr samples and that there was a predominant action of the osteoconduction versus the stem cells osteo-induction. Indeed, it was proven that the newly formed bone amount and distribution decreased from the side of contact scaffold\/native bone toward the bulk of the scaffold itself, with almost constant values of morphometric descriptors in volumes more than 1 mm from the border.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1619300960000},"page":"2159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials: Stem Cell-Derived Osteoinduction or In Vivo Osteoconduction? Novel Insights in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation by Advanced Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, CH, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1374-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, CH, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5914-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Valbonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC\/EMMA\/Infrafrontier\/IMPC), National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Furlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 22015 Gravedona, CO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Muttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Raspanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0231-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Barboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Piattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, CH, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Villaserena per la Ricerca, 65013 Citt\u00e0 S. Angelo, PE, Italy"},{"name":"Casa di Cura Villa Serena del Dott. L. Petruzzi, 65013 Citt\u00e0 S. Angelo, PE, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4177-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201017666161202104002","article-title":"Molecular, Cellular and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Bone Grafting Materials and Membranes during Maxillary Sinus-lift procedures. 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