{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:31Z","timestamp":1787028811640,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyzes concrete fine aggregate (sand) modification by scrap tire rubber particles-fine crumb rubber (FCR) and coarse crumb rubber (CCR) of fraction 0\/1 mm. Such rubberized concrete to get better bonding properties were modified by car-boxylated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and to gain the strength were modified by glass waste. The following tests\u2014slump test, fresh concrete density, fresh concrete air content, compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture energy, freezing-thawing, porosity parameter, and scanning electron microscope\u2014were conducted for rubberized concretes. From experiments, we can see that fresh concrete properties decreased when crumb rubber content has increased. Mostly it is related to crumb rubber (CR) lower specific gravity nature and higher fineness compared with changed fine aggregate-sand. In this research, we obtained a slight loss of compressive strength when CR was used in concrete However, these rubberized concretes with a small amount of rubber provided sufficient compressive strength results (greater than 50 MPa). Due to the pozzolanic reaction, we see that compressive strength results after 56 days in glass powder modified samples increased by 11\u201313% than 28 days com-pressive strengths, while at the same period control samples increased its compressive strength about 2.5%. Experiments have shown that the flexural strength of rubberized concrete with small amounts of CR increased by 3.4\u201315.8% compared to control mix, due the fact that rubber is an elastic material and it will absorb high energy and perform positive bending toughness. The test results indicated that CR can intercept the tensile stress in concrete and make the deformation more plastic. Fracturing of such conglomerate concrete is not brittle, there is no abrupt post-peak load drop and gradually continues after the maximum load is exceeded. Such concrete requires much higher fracture energy. It was obtained that FCR particles (lower than A300) will entrap more micropores content than coarse rubbers because due to their high specific area. Freezing-thawing results have confirmed that Kf values can be conveniently used to predict freeze-thaw resistance and durability of concrete. The test has shown that modification of concrete with 10 kg fine rubber waste will lead to similar mechanical and durability properties of concrete as was obtained in control concrete with 2 kg of prefabricated air bubbles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Mechanical Properties and Durability of Rubberized and Glass Powder Modified Rubberized Concrete for Whitetopping Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrius","family":"Grinys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthaiah","family":"Balamurugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Algirdas","family":"Augonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernestas","family":"Ivanauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2014, March 31). EU Road Surfaces: Economic and Safety Impact of the Lack of Regular Road Maintenance. Study 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2014\/529059\/IPOL_STU(2014)529059_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mustaque, H., and Sharmin, S. (2010, December 01). Extending Asphalt Pavement Life Using Thin Whitetopping. Final Reports & Technical Briefs from Mid-America Transportation Center. Available online: https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/188090343.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118584","article-title":"Mechanical properties and durability of rubberized and SBR latex modified rubberized concrete","volume":"248","author":"Grinys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1520\/ACEM20180011","article-title":"Use of Cyclone Dust as Fill Material in Highway Construction","volume":"7","author":"Raju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers Association (2020, January 02). Press Released in 2017\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.etrma.org\/news-resources\/library\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2004.01.006","article-title":"Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap-Tire Rubber\u2013An Overview","volume":"24","author":"Siddique","year":"2004","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.08.028","article-title":"Crumb Rubber used in Concrete to Provide Freeze\u2013thaw Protection (Optimal Particle Size)","volume":"112","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2011.10.013","article-title":"Freeze\/Thaw Protection of Concrete with Optimum Rubber Crumb Content","volume":"23","author":"Richardson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.054","article-title":"Use of Recycled Crumb Rubber as Fine Aggregates in Concrete Mix Design","volume":"42","author":"Issa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.12.022","article-title":"Properties of Concrete Prepared with Waste Tyre Rubber Particles of Uniform and Varying Sizes","volume":"91","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2012.693536","article-title":"Tyre Rubber Additive Effect on Concrete Mixture Strength","volume":"18","author":"Grinys","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Man."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.11.019","article-title":"Properties of High Strength Concrete Containing Scrap Tire Rubber","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.107","article-title":"Crushed Rubber Waste Impact of Concrete Basic Properties","volume":"140","author":"Girskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.020","article-title":"Scrap-Tyre-Rubber Replacement for Aggregate and Filler in Concrete","volume":"23","author":"Ganjian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2012.659307","article-title":"Effect of Partial Replacements of Sand and Cement by Waste Rubber on the Fracture Characteristics of Concrete","volume":"51","author":"Akil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.04.013","article-title":"Development of Waste Tire Modified Concrete","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X07067448","article-title":"Use of Waste Rubber as Concrete Additive","volume":"25","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjorv, O.E., and Sakai, K. (2000). Concrete Technology for a Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482272215"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"219","article-title":"Deformation properties of concrete with rubber waste additives","volume":"13","author":"Skripkiunas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.040","article-title":"Assessment of the Mechanical Performance of Crumb Rubber Concrete","volume":"125","author":"Youssf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2006.01.022","article-title":"Composites reinforced with reused tyres: Surface oxidant treatment to im-prove the interfacial compatibility","volume":"38","author":"Colom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, June 01). Glass Alliance Europe Statistical Report 2018\u20132019. Available online: https:\/\/www.wko.at\/branchen\/industrie\/glasindustrie\/statistical-report-glass-alliance-europe-2018\u20132019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4236\/njgc.2017.72004","article-title":"Effect of Glass Powder on Concrete Sustainability","volume":"7","author":"Zidol","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. J. Glass. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.08.012","article-title":"Recycling of Waste Glass as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Concrete","volume":"29","author":"Ismail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abendeh, R., Ramadan, K., Haddad, R., and Banibaker, M. (2015). Freezing Thawing Resistance of Concrete Incorporating Glass Waste. J. Mater. Sci. Res., 4.","DOI":"10.5539\/jmsr.v4n4p19"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.077","article-title":"Effect of New Mixing Method of Glass Powder as Cement Re-placement on Mechanical Behavior of Concrete","volume":"203","author":"Elaqra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Skripki\u016bnas, G., Vaitkevi\u010dius, V., Dauk\u0161ys, M., and Grinys, A. (2008, January 8\u201310). Prediction of concrete freezing\u2013Thawing Resistance. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress Concrete: Construction\u2019s Sustainable Option, Dundee, UK."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2001). Fracture Energy of High-Strength Concrete. ACI Mater. J., 98."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.072","article-title":"Impact of Combined use of Ground Glass Powder and Crushed Glass Aggregate on Selected Properties of Portland Cement Concrete","volume":"117","author":"Afshinnia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahma, A., El Naber, N., and Ismail, S. (2017). Effect of Glass Powder on the Compression Strength and the Workability of Concrete. Cogent. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2017.1373415"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malek, M., \u0141asica, W., Jackowski, M., and Kadela, M. (2020). Effect of Waste Glass Addition as a Replacement for Fine Aggregate on Properties of Mortar. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143189"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.131","article-title":"Evaluation of Mechanical and Durability Properties of Crumb Rubber Concrete","volume":"155","author":"Bisht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.06.099","article-title":"Properties of Rubberized Concrete Modified by using Silane Coupling Agent and Carboxylated SBR","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.11.003","article-title":"Physical and Mechanical Performance of Concrete made with Waste Rubber Aggregate, Glass Powder and Silica Sand Powder","volume":"21","author":"Ramdani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/9\/2321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:40Z","timestamp":1760162140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/9\/2321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14092321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14092321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]}}}