{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:17:50Z","timestamp":1782299870771,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an attempt to create novel methods to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses, fabric material was treated with Viruferrin\u2122 and tested for its inactivating properties against the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A viruses. Inactivating properties were evaluated by comparing Viruferrin-treated and cotton control fabric material with and without the application of saliva at various time points after virus exposure. A statistically significant (p &lt; 0.0001) decrease in the number of infectious virus particles exposed to Viruferrin-treated fabric when compared with the cotton control for both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses was observed. For both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A, Viruferrin-treated fabrics experienced a &gt;99% virus reduction without saliva after five minutes of contact when compared to the positive control at time point 0. Furthermore, the reusability of the Viruferrin treated fabric was demonstrated by stability for up to 10 washes. The level of anti-viral (SARS-CoV-2) activity remained constant from 5 to 10 washes and demonstrated a significant difference (p &lt; 0.0001) from the unwashed untreated material. Applications for this treated fabric are far reaching, as a biological face covering offers not only a unique 2-way protection but also is unlikely to cause onward touch transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1619759455000},"page":"2327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biological Cloth Face Coverings\u2014The Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza (H1N1) Infectivity by Viruferrin\u2122 Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily S.","family":"Medina-Mag\u00fces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Stedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virustatic Ltd., M-Sparc Parc Gwyddoniaeth Menai, Menai Science Park, Gaerwen, Isle of Anglesey, Wales LL60 6AG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virustatic Ltd., M-Sparc Parc Gwyddoniaeth Menai, Menai Science Park, Gaerwen, Isle of Anglesey, Wales LL60 6AG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Colombia Wisconsin One Health Consortium, Universidad Nacional Medell\u00edn, Calle 75#79a 5, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gardner, L., Dong, E., and Du, H. (2021, January 14). An Interactive Web-Based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time. Available online: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, January 15). 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Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03252","article-title":"Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks","volume":"14","author":"Konda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106118","article-title":"Lactoferrin as potential preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2012). International Standard Activity of Textile Product, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1689","article-title":"Custom Virucidal Efficacy of a Device","volume":"53","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. 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BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.11.244996"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01221","article-title":"The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Kell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"9","article-title":"Viral infections: Lactoferrin, a further arrow in the quiver of prevention","volume":"9","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neonatal Individ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"8","article-title":"Liposomal Lactoferrin as Potential preventative and cure FOR COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimzadeh, S., Bhopal, R., and Nguyen Tien, H. (2020). 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Infection 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202007.0613\/v1.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0613.v3"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/9\/2327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:51Z","timestamp":1760162151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/9\/2327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14092327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14092327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}