{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:20:22Z","timestamp":1788477622748,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE17ENV\/FI\/173 Green Foundry LIFE project."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE17ENV\/FI\/173 Green Foundry LIFE project."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of the harmfulness of moulding and core sands is mainly based on investigations of compositions of gases emitted by liquid casting alloys during the mould pouring. The results of investigations of moulding sands obtained under industrial conditions are presented in this paper. A unique research stand was designed and built for this aim. It allowed us to determine emissions of gases at individual stages of casting a mass up to 50 kg. This approach enables simulation of foundry conditions. Moulding sands bound by organic binders (phenol-formaldehyde; furan), inorganic binders and green sand, were subjected to investigations. The composition of gases that evolved during the individual stages, pouring, cooling and knocking out, was tested each time, and the contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BETX) were analysed. Investigations indicated that the emission of gases from sands with inorganic binders is negligible when compared with the emission of gases from sands with organic binders. The emission of gases from green sand is placed in the middle of the scale. As an example: the sand with furan resin emitted 84 mg of BTEX (in recalculation for 1 kg of sand) while from sands with inorganic binders there was a maximum of 2.2 mg (for 1 kg of sand). In the case of sands with inorganic binders, MI and MC sands indicated comparable and very low emissions of gases from the PAHs group, at the level of 0.018 mg and 0.019 mg for 1 kg of sand, respectively. The higher emission of PAHs from MG sand is the result of its different way of hardening (a binder was of an organic character) than of sands MI and MC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:17:16Z","timestamp":1621207036000},"page":"2581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Holtzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Da\u0144ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwester","family":"Piasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HARDKOP Sp. z. o. o., Harcerska 12 Str., 32-540 Trzebinia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kubecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki Str., 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Dro\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Roczniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Skrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kmita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.04.097","article-title":"Risk assessment of gaseous\/particulate phase PAH exposure in foundry industry","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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