{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T20:45:43Z","timestamp":1782333943362,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TA200218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA200218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT100117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT100117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reconstruction of bile ducts damaged remains a vexing medical problem. Surgeons have few options when it comes to a long segment reconstruction of the bile duct. Biological scaffolds of decellularized biliary origin may offer an approach to support the replace of bile ducts. Our objective was to obtain an extracellular matrix scaffold derived from porcine extrahepatic bile ducts (dECM-BD) and to analyze its biological and biochemical properties. The efficiency of the tailored perfusion decellularization process was assessed through histology stainings. Results from 4\u2019-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) stainings, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) quantification showed proper extracellular matrix (ECM) decellularization with an effectiveness of 98%. Immunohistochemistry results indicate an effective decrease in immunogenic marker as human leukocyte antigens (HLA-A) and Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) proteins. The ECM of the bile duct was preserved according to Masson and Herovici stainings. Data derived from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the preservation of the dECM-BD hierarchical structures. Cytotoxicity of dECM-BD was null, with cells able to infiltrate the scaffold. In this work, we standardized a decellularization method that allows one to obtain a natural bile duct scaffold with hierarchical ultrastructure preservation and adequate cytocompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14113099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T23:59:55Z","timestamp":1623023995000},"page":"3099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Perfusion Decellularization of Extrahepatic Bile Duct Allows Tissue-Engineered Scaffold Generation by Preserving Matrix Architecture and Cytocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yolik","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Medical Specialization General Surgery, Division of Posgraduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito de Posgrados, Unidad de Posgrado Edificio \u201cE\u201d 2\u00b0 piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition of Mexico Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc. 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Eduardo","family":"Abad-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Ustarroz-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Interior, Edificio \u201cA\u201d 3\u00b0 piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma S.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Training Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Villafuerte-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Training Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8173-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition of Mexico Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc. 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Torres-Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition of Mexico Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc. 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition of Mexico Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc. 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Tapia-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Advanced Medical Simulation, Division of Posgraduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Circuito de Posgrados, Unidad de Posgrado Edificio \u201cB\u201d 2\u00b0 piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Drusso","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 Groningen, The 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