{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:40:19Z","timestamp":1790530819126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of gouge in rock joints significantly affects the physical and mechanical properties of the host rock mass. Wave-based exploration techniques have been widely used to investigate the effects of gouge fill on rock mass properties. Previous research on wave propagation in gouge-filled joints focused on analytical and theoretical methods. The lack of experimental methods for multiple rock joint systems, however, has limited the verification potential of the proposed models. In this study, the effects of gouge material and thickness on wave propagation in equivalent continuum jointed rocks are investigated using a quasi-static resonant column test. Gouge-filled rock specimens are simulated using stacked granite rock discs. Sand and clay gouge fills of 2 and 5 mm thicknesses are tested to investigate the effects of gouge material and thickness. Comprehensive analyses of the effects of gouge thickness are conducted using homogeneous isotropic acetal gouge fills of known thickness. The results show that gouge fill leads to changes in wave velocity, which depend on the characteristics of the gouge fill. The results also show that particulate soil gouge is susceptible to preloading effects that cause permanent changes in the soil fabric and contact geometry and that increased gouge thickness causes a more significant stiffness contribution of the gouge material properties to the overall stiffness of the equivalent continuum specimen. The normal and shear joint stiffnesses for different gouge fill conditions are calculated from the experimental results using the equivalent continuum model and suggested as input parameters for numerical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"3173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Gouge Fill on Elastic Wave Propagation in Equivalent Continuum Jointed Rock Mass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radioactive Waste Disposal Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-Hun","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Sunchon National University, 225 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Jeollanam-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gye-Chun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, N. 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