{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:26:02Z","timestamp":1792477562280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000830","name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G5055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G5055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Centre of Poland","award":["2017\/25\/N\/ST8\/00179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/N\/ST8\/00179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper summarizes a series of the authors\u2019 research in the field of assessing the operational degradation of oil and gas transit pipeline steels. Both mechanical and electrochemical properties of steels are deteriorated after operation, as is their resistance to environmentally-assisted cracking. The characteristics of resistance to brittle fracture and stress corrosion cracking decrease most intensively, which is associated with a development of in-bulk dissipated microdamages of the material. The most sensitive indicators of changes in the material\u2019s state caused by degradation are impact toughness and fracture toughness by the J-integral method. The degradation degree of pipeline steels can also be evaluated nondestructively based on in-service changes in their polarization resistance and potential of the fracture surface. Attention is drawn to hydrogenation of a pipe wall from inside as a result of the electrochemical interaction of pipe metal with condensed moisture, which facilitates operational degradation of steel due to the combined action of operating stresses and hydrogen. The development of microdamages along steel texture was evidenced metallographically as a trend to the selective etching of boundaries between adjacent bands of ferrite and pearlite and fractographically by revealing brittle fracture elements on the fracture surfaces, namely delamination and cleavage, indicating the sites of cohesion weakening between ferrite and pearlite bands. The state of the X52 steel in its initial state and after use for 30 years was assessed based on the numerical simulation method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"3247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Assessment of Operational Degradation of Pipeline Steels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hryhoriy","family":"Nykyforchyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olha","family":"Zvirko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9667-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihor","family":"Dzioba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. 1000-an. of Polish State, 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halyna","family":"Krechkovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myroslava","family":"Hredil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Tsyrulnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandra","family":"Student","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics of Materials Corrosion-Hydrogen Degradation, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Lipiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. 1000-an. of Polish State, 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Av. 1000-an. of Polish State, 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolzon, G., Boukharouba, T., Gabetta, G., Elboujdaini, M., and Mellas, M. 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