{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:55:13Z","timestamp":1762642513798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOB--BIO6\/04\/104\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOB--BIO6\/04\/104\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fireproof fabrics are commonly used for protection of fireguards. Such materials must be characterized by improved heat resistance, especially to radiation and flame. In this paper, fireproof fabric (NATAN and PROTON\u2014trademark names) was covered with Ti-Si-N nanocomposite reflective coating using magnetron sputtering. The fabrics were subjected to heat radiation of heat flux density from 0.615 to 2.525 kW\/m2. A testing stage equipped with a heat source, thermal imaging camera and thermocouples was used. Two variants of the coatings were studied: Ti-Si and (Ti,Si)N considering different thicknesses of layers. The temperature increment and time to reach the pain threshold (60 \u00b0C) which corresponds approximately to a 2nd-degree burn according to Henriques criterion were analyzed. In addition, the microstructural analysis of the samples using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system was performed. The improvement of heat resistance showed for Ti-Si-coated PROTON and NATAN for all tested heat flux densities. Time to reach 60 \u00b0C for PROTON fabric increased maximally from 11.23 s (without coating) to 13.13 s (Ti-Si coating) for heat flux density of 0.615 kW\/m2 and for NATAN\u2014maximally from 7.76 s (without coating) to 11.30 s (Ti-Si coating) for the same heat flux density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"3493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Ti-Si-N Nanocomposite Coating on Heat Radiation Resistance of Fireproof Fabrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Miedzi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2 St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Gie\u0142\u017cecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostic Equipment Sp. z o.o., Weissa 7\/C1 St., 31-339 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0564-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstanty","family":"Marszalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Electronics and Telecommunications, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wola\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, A., and Hull, R. (2010). Fire scenarios and combustion conditions. Fire Toxicity, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845698072"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahadori, A. (2014). Material Selection for Thermal Insulation. Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industries, Gulf Professional Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800010-6.00003-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aiht.2020.07.001","article-title":"Heat exchange between the human body and the environment: A comprehensive, multi-scale numerical simulation","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Abraham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Heat Transfer"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Gao, C. (2014). Clothing for protection against heat and flames. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Protective Clothing, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"227","article-title":"Blood and Heat Transfer","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemomath. MS&A (Modeling, Simulation and Applications)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morega, A., Morega, M., and Dobre, A. (2021). Hyperthermia and ablation. Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817897-3.00008-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620590934224","article-title":"WBGT Clothing Adjustments for Four Clothing Ensembles Under Three Relative Humidity Levels","volume":"2","author":"Bernard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Fanger, P.O. (1970). Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Thermal Comfort. Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.55-471","article-title":"New development of research on personal protective equipment (PPE) for occupational safety and health","volume":"55","author":"Sawada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0128","article-title":"Development of bioassay system for evaluation of materials for personal protective equipment (PPE) against toxic effects of ionizing radiations","volume":"55","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"49","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of gypsum with incorporated phase change material (PCM) for building applications","volume":"91","author":"Jaworski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"206","article-title":"Modeling Heat and Moisture Transport in Fire-fighter Protective Clothing during Flash Fire Exposure","volume":"41","author":"Chitrphiromsri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Andrews, D.L., Lipson, R.H., and Nann, T. (2019). Advances in Nanotechnology Based Functional, Smart and Intelligent Textiles: A Review. Comprehensive Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-018-0730-2","article-title":"New Approaches to Evaluate the Performance of Firefighter Protective Clothing Materials","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Bases for innovation in fire-resistant textile materials","volume":"40","author":"Pey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"64","article-title":"Using Plasma Metallisation for Manufacture of Textile Screens Against Electromagnetic Fields","volume":"16","author":"Ziaja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fibers Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01447027","article-title":"Ti-Si-N films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition","volume":"12","author":"Shizhi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(99)00481-8","article-title":"Mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of nanocomposite TiN\u2013SiNx physical-vapor-deposited thin films","volume":"120\u2013121","author":"Diserens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.02.024","article-title":"A quantitative study of the hardness of superhard nanocrystalline titanium nitride\/silicon nitride coating","volume":"52","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2004.08.080","article-title":"Microstructural size effects on the hardness of nanocrystalline TiN\/amorphous-SiNx coatings prepared by magnetron sputtering","volume":"473","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"33","article-title":"Elaboration of Magnetron Deposition Conditions of TiN\/Si3N4 Nanocomposite Coatings","volume":"61","author":"Morgiel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maint. Probl."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"673","article-title":"Consolidating conditions of Cr\u2013Si compacts and their microstructure","volume":"28","author":"Morgiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"71","article-title":"(Cr,Si)N\/TiN coatings on sintered carbide turning inserts","volume":"50","author":"Morgiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elektronika"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"253","article-title":"Research on Influence of TiSi(N) Reflective Coating Thermal Resistance on Energy Absorption of Fireproof Textile Coupled with Auxetic Fabric","volume":"67","author":"Stankiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"19","article-title":"TiN-Si3N4 layers applied to protective fabrics by magnetron technique","volume":"55","author":"Mania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elektronika"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"47","article-title":"Assessment of the Thermoregulation Properties of Textiles with Fibres Containing Phase Change Materials on the Basis of Laboratory Experiments","volume":"20","author":"Bartkowiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fibers Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517514537368","article-title":"Thermal resistance of polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics before and after weathering","volume":"84","author":"Vesna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1106\/LN83-8YPN-TAXA-MMMM","article-title":"Studies on Influence of Blowing Agent in Polymeric Coating Formulations on Thermal Resistance of Coated Textiles","volume":"31","author":"Gurudatt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.10.105","article-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Regular Article Fabrication of highly durable polysiloxane-zinc oxide (ZnO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric with improved ultraviolet resistance, hydrophobicity, and thermal resistance","volume":"537","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"ASTM D4108 (1987). Test Method for Thermal Protective Performance of Materials for Clothing by Open-Flame Method, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JAI12117","article-title":"Comparison of Methods Used to Predict the Burn Injuries in Tests of Thermal Protective Fabrics","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Astm Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Method and Rating System for Evaluation of Thermal Protection","volume":"40","author":"Stoll","year":"1969","journal-title":"Aerosp. Medicat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.810040107","article-title":"Skin damage due to heat transfer by conduction","volume":"4","author":"Stoll","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Guowen, S., Sumit, M., and Rossi, R.M. (2017). Effects of various factors on performance of thermal protective clothing. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Thermal Protective Clothing for Firefighters, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.03.004","article-title":"Effects of fabric thickness and material on apparent \u2018wet\u2019 conductive thermal resistance of knitted fabric \u2018skin\u2019 on sweating manikins","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"95","article-title":"Specialised Clothing for Firefighters in Poland\u2014A Comparison of the Latest Set with the One Currently Used","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"134","article-title":"Application of a Thermal Mannequin to the Assessment of the Heat Insulating Power of Protective Garments for Premature Babies","volume":"19","author":"Skrzetuska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autex Res. J."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Rajkishore, N., and Rajiv, P. (2017). Introduction to manikins. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Manikins for Textile Evaluation, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2006.11076668","article-title":"Thermal Performance Assessment of Heat Resistant Fabrics Based on a New Thermal Wave Model of Skin Heat Transfer","volume":"12","author":"Fanglong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"97","article-title":"Application of a biequational bioheat transfer model in the skin for assessment of thermal characteristics of protective garments","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Ind."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:21:55Z","timestamp":1760163715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14133493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14133493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}