{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:57:05Z","timestamp":1778774225753,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["UMO-2017\/27\/B\/ST8\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2017\/27\/B\/ST8\/01751"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zr-2.5Cu and Zr-10Cu powder mixtures were consolidated in the extrusion process and using the spark plasma sintering technique. In these studies, material tests were carried out in the fields of phase composition, microstructure, hardness and tensile strength for Zr-Cu materials at room temperature (RT) and 400 \u00b0C. Fractography analysis of materials at room temperature and 400 \u00b0C was carried out. The research took into account the anisotropy of the materials obtained in the extrusion process. For the nonequilibrium SPS process, ZrCu2 and Cu10Zr7 intermetallic compounds formed in the material at sintering temperature. Extruded materials were composed mainly of \u03b1-Zr and ZrCu2. The presence of intermetallic compounds affected the reduction in the strength properties of the tested materials. The highest strength value of 205 MPa was obtained for the extruded Zr-2.5Cu, for which the samples were cut in the direction of extrusion. For materials with 10 wt.% copper, more participation of the intermetallic phase was formed, which lowered the mechanical properties of the obtained materials. In addition to brittle intermetallic phases, the materials were characterized by residual porosity, which also reduced the strength properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"3560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Extrusion and SPS of Zirconium\u2013Copper Powders and Studies of Selected Mechanical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Skrzekut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Boczkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1631-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Zwoli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5321-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Noga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucyna","family":"Jaworska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pa\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3962-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Podsiad\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz\u2014Krakow Institute of Technology, Zakopianska St. 73, 30-418 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.08.130","article-title":"A detailed study on zirconium and its applications in manufacturing process with combinations of other metals, oxides and alloys\u2014A review","volume":"19","author":"Kalavathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2015.07.010","article-title":"Production of nuclear grade zirconium: A review","volume":"466","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2011.04.002","article-title":"Hydrogen-enhanced degradation and oxide effects in zirconium alloys for nuclear applications","volume":"36","author":"Zielinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Xiao, Y., Sandwijk, A., Xu, Q., and Yang, Y. (2014). Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: A Review. Energy Mater., 451\u2013457.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119027973.ch53"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2019.04.018","article-title":"The influence of powder characteristics on the sintering behaviour and impurity content of spark-plasma-sintered zirconium","volume":"82","author":"Jaworska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"148","article-title":"Zirconium alloy powders for manufacture of 3d printed articles used in nuclear power industry","volume":"113","author":"Ianko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probl. At. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.06.037","article-title":"Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Niinomi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800207","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201800207","article-title":"Zirconium alloys for orthopaedic and dental applications","volume":"20","author":"Mehjabeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.M2014222","article-title":"Magnetic Susceptibility of Zr-Cu Binary Alloys","volume":"55","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:102:1-3:129","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of copper ions released from metal","volume":"102","author":"Cortizo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(03)00012-X","article-title":"Trace elements in human physiology and pathology. Copper","volume":"57","author":"Tapiero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Copper and Zinc, Biological Role and Significance of Copper\/Zinc Imbalance","volume":"3","author":"Osredkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Toxicol. S"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1309\/V6GVYW2QTYD5C5PJ","article-title":"Zinc-induced copper deficiency: A report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination","volume":"123","author":"Willis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-3069(85)90165-7","article-title":"The development and applications of zirconium alloys","volume":"6","author":"Northwood","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, April 07). Zirconium Adding Resistance Capabilities to Copper for an Increase in Hardness While Handling Higher Temperatures. Belmont Metals Bulletin 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.belmontmetals.com\/?s=zirconium."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2008.09.003","article-title":"Consolidation\/synthesis of materials by electric current activated\/assisted sintering","volume":"63","author":"Licheri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053001","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/10\/5\/053001","article-title":"Electric current activated\/assisted sintering (ECAS): A review of patents 1906\u20132008","volume":"10","author":"Grasso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2012.05203.x","article-title":"Fundamental Aspects of Spark Plasma Sintering: I. Experimental Analysis of Scalability","volume":"95","author":"Olevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-6555-2","article-title":"The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method","volume":"41","author":"Munir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konings, R.J.M. (2012). Zirconium Alloys: Properties and Characteristics. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-056033-5.00008-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-004-0125-5","article-title":"The effect of temperature and extrusion speed on the consolidation of zirconium-based metallic glass powder using equal-channel angular extrusion","volume":"35","author":"Karaman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2005.09.011","article-title":"Texture development and anisotropic deformation of zircaloys","volume":"48","author":"Murty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2019.01.048","article-title":"Co-extrusion of Zircaloy-2 and Zr-Sn alloy for double clad tube manufacturing: Numerical simulation and experimental validation","volume":"39","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105333","article-title":"Preparation and testing of microstructure of the SPS zirconium with the addition of manganese","volume":"92","author":"Panasiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Williams, C.D. (1969). A Review of High Strength Zirconium Alloys, Applied Materials Research Branch Atomic Energy of Canada Limited."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Okamoto, K. (2010). Desk Handbook: Phase Diagrams for Binary Alloys, ASM International. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Zirconium\u2014Mechanical Properties and Material Applications. AZO Materials. Available online: https:\/\/www.azom.com."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.07.103","article-title":"Synthesis and structural analysis of Cu10Zr7","volume":"544","author":"Albisetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.03.025","article-title":"Analytical modeling of thermal residual stress and optimal design of ZrO2\/(ZrO2 + Ni) sandwich ceramics","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.11.018","article-title":"Measuring residual stress and its influence on properties of porous ZrO2\/(ZrO2 + Ni) ceramics","volume":"622","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:03Z","timestamp":1760163843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14133560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14133560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}