{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1791016638152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHM 746\/173-1 and TI 343\/118-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHM 746\/173-1 and TI 343\/118-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial Co\/WC\/diamond composites are hard metals and very useful as a kind of tool material, for which both ductile and quasi-brittle behaviors are possible. This work experimentally investigates their damage evolution dependence on microstructural features. The current study investigates a different type of Co\/WC-type tool material which contains 90 vol.% Co instead of the usual &lt;50 vol.%. The studied composites showed quasi-brittle behavior. An in-house-designed testing machine realizes the in-situ micro-computed tomography (\u03bcCT) under loading. This advanced equipment can record local damage in 3D during the loading. The digital image correlation technique delivers local displacement\/strain maps in 2D and 3D based on tomographic images. As shown by nanoindentation tests, matrix regions near diamond particles do not possess higher hardness values than other regions. Since local positions with high stress are often coincident with those with high strain, diamonds, which aim to achieve composites with high hardnesses, contribute to the strength less than the WC phase. Samples that illustrated quasi-brittle behavior possess about 100\u2013130 MPa higher tensile strengths than those with ductile behavior. Voids and their connections (forming mini\/small cracks) dominant the detected damages, which means void initiation, growth, and coalescence should be the damage mechanisms. The void appears in the form of debonding. Still, it is uncovered that debonding between Co-diamonds plays a major role in provoking fatal fractures for composites with quasi-brittle behavior. An optimized microstructure should avoid diamond clusters and their local volume concentrations. To improve the time efficiency and the object-identification accuracy in \u03bcCT image segmentation, machine learning (ML), U-Net in the convolutional neural network (deep learning), is applied. This method takes only about 40 min to segment more than 700 images, i.e., a great improvement of the time efficiency compared to the manual work and the accuracy maintained. The results mentioned above demonstrate knowledge about the strengthening and damage mechanisms for Co\/WC\/diamond composites with &gt;50 vol.% Co. The material properties for such tool materials (&gt;50 vol.% Co) is rarely published until now. Efforts made in the ML part contribute to the realization of autonomous processing procedures in big-data-driven science applied in materials science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"3562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Experimental Investigations of Micro-Meso Damage Evolution for a Co\/WC-Type Tool Material with Application of Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanling","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Zielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIF Institute for Research and Transfer e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 20, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chensheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tayyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIF Institute for Research and Transfer e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 20, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-3853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried","family":"Schmauder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIF Institute for Research and Transfer e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 20, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053208","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4946894","article-title":"Perspective: Materials informatics and big data: Realization of the \u201cparadigm\u201d of science in materials science","volume":"4","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12028","article-title":"Machine learning in materials science","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0275-4","article-title":"The pascal visual object classes (voc) challenge","volume":"88","author":"Everingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.3.503","article-title":"A comparative study of ordinary cross-validation, v-fold cross-validation and the repeated learning-testing methods","volume":"76","author":"Burman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E. (2012). Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.Y., Doll\u00e1r, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Hariharan, B., and Belongie, S. (2017, January 21\u201326). Feature pyramid networks for object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T. (2015). U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J., Shelhamer, E., and Darrell, T. (2015, January 7\u201312). Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2016.07.002","article-title":"Atomistic calculations and materials informatics: A review","volume":"21","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070214-021132","article-title":"Materials informatics: The materials \u201cgene\u201d and big data","volume":"45","author":"Rajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning in materials informatics: Recent applications and prospects","volume":"54","author":"Ramprasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engler, O., and Randle, V. (2009). Introduction to Texture Analysis: Macrotexture. Microtexture and Orientation Mapping, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420063660"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2015.06.051","article-title":"Assessment of geometrically necessary dislocation levels derived by 3D EBSD","volume":"99","author":"Konijnenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2005.12.014","article-title":"Three-dimensional investigation of the texture and microstructure below a nanoindent in a Cu single crystal using 3D EBSD and crystal plasticity finite element simulations","volume":"54","author":"Zaafarani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2015.11.003","article-title":"Segmentation of 3D EBSD data for subgrain boundary identification and feature characterization","volume":"161","author":"Loeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sutton, M.A., Orteu, J.-J., and Schreier, H.W. (2009). Image Correlation for Shape Motion and Deformation Measurements, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, M.A. (2008). Digital image correlation for shape and deformation measurements. Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30877-7_20"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/6\/062001","article-title":"Two-dimensional digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: A review","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02326485","article-title":"Deformation measurements by digital image correlation: Implementation of a second-order displacement gradient","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2005.10.004","article-title":"Quality assessment of speckle patterns for digital image correlation","volume":"44","author":"Lecompte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2007.01.012","article-title":"Study of optimal subset size in digital image correlation of speckle pattern images","volume":"5","author":"Yaofeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.007037","article-title":"Study on subset size selection in digital image correlation for speckle patterns","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kolaska, H. (1995). Pulvertechnologiesche Wege in die Zukunft, DGM Informationsgesellschaft."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Jack, D.H. (1985). Engineering Applications of Ceramic Materials: Source Book, American Society for Metals."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2005.04.011","article-title":"Modeling the relationship between microstructural features and the strength of WC-Co composite","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. H."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5416(78)90163-5","article-title":"Hardness and deformation of cemented tungsten carbide","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.06.020","article-title":"Strain-rate dependence of the compressive strength of WC-Co hard metals","volume":"612","author":"Mandel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.09.020","article-title":"Hall-petch strengthening of the constrained metallic binder in WC-Co cemented carbides: Experimental assessment by means of massive nanoindentation and statistical analysis","volume":"676","author":"Roa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.02.034","article-title":"Mechanical strength of ground WC-Co cemented carbides after coating deposition","volume":"689","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.12.106","article-title":"On the hardness of submicrometer-sized WC-Co materials","volume":"628","author":"Emani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.01.005","article-title":"WC-18wt.%Co with simultaneous improvements in hardness and toughness derived from nanocrystalline powder","volume":"537","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.08.093","article-title":"Coating thickness and interlayer effects on CVD-diamond film adhesion to cobalt-cemented tungsten carbides","volume":"215","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2016.10.025","article-title":"Sandblasting pretreatment for deposition of diamond films on WC-Co hard metal substrates","volume":"73","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.02.031","article-title":"Synthesis of micro- or nano-crystalline diamond films on WC-Co substrates with various pretreatments by hot filament chemical vapor deposition","volume":"256","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.11.043","article-title":"Improvement to the adhesion of polycrystalline diamond films on WC-Co cemented carbides through ion etching of loosely bound growth centers","volume":"334","author":"Linnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.08.080","article-title":"Interface delamination study of diamond-coated carbide tools considering coating fractures","volume":"260","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2011.04.021","article-title":"Microstructure generation of severely deformed materials using Voronoi diagram in Laguerre geometry: Full algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Jafari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"48","article-title":"Wear behavior of WC-Co HVOF coatings at different temperatures in air and argon","volume":"330","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2013.04.016","article-title":"Wear mechanism of iron-base diamond-impregnated tool composites","volume":"303","author":"Konstanty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2012.11.057","article-title":"Simulation of abrasion to WC\/Co hardmetals using a micro-tribology test system","volume":"302","author":"Pignie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.07.003","article-title":"Understanding the diffusion wear mechanisms of WC-10%Co carbide tools during dry machining of titanium alloys","volume":"390","author":"Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2005.09.034","article-title":"Effects of Co content and WC grain size on wear of WC cemented carbide","volume":"261","author":"Saito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.01.057","article-title":"Influence of WC-Co hard metal microstructure on defect density, initiation and propagation kinetics of fatigue cracks starting at intrinsic and artificial defects under a negative stress ratio","volume":"188","author":"Lube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(02)00071-X","article-title":"On the fatigue crack growth behavior of WC\u2013Co cemented carbides: Kinetics description, microstructural effects and fatigue sensitivity","volume":"50","author":"Llanes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.06.015","article-title":"Low-energy grain boundaries in WC-Co cemented carbides","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2014.09.048","article-title":"Orientation-dependent hardness and nanoindentation-induced deformation mechanisms of WC crystals","volume":"83","author":"Chinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(99)00440-1","article-title":"Microstructural evolution in thermally sprayed WC\u2013Co coatings: Comparison between nanocomposite and conventional starting powders","volume":"48","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5416(84)90179-4","article-title":"The influence of composition, phase transformation and varying the relative F.C.C. and H.C.P. phase contents on the properties of dilute Co-W-C alloys","volume":"66","author":"Roebuck","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"63181A-1","article-title":"Tomographic analysis and FE-simulations of MMC-microstructures under load","volume":"Volume 6318","author":"Bonse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Developments in X-ray Tomography V, Proceedings of the SPIE OPTICS + PHOTONICS, San Diego, CA, USA, 13\u201317 August 2006"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"70781I","article-title":"3D Analysis of MMC microstructure and deformation by \u03bcCT and FE simulations","volume":"Volume 7078","author":"Crostack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developments in X-ray Tomography VI, Proceedings of the OPTICAL ENGINEERING + APPLICATIONS, San Diego, CA, USA, 10\u201314 August 2008"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Tillmann, W., Sievers, N., Zielke, R., Kluger, S., and Liedtke, F. (2013, January 3\u20137). An innovative nondestructive method for the inspection of brazed cutting tools. Proceedings of the 18th Plansee Seminar-International Conference on Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Reutte, Germany."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.04.045","article-title":"Void distribution in a brazed cemented carbide steel joint analyzed by x-ray microscopy","volume":"141","author":"Yared","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"208","article-title":"Pretreatment and coatability of additive manufactured components made by means of selective laser melting","volume":"3","author":"Tillmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weld. Cut."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13423","article-title":"Modeling the separation performance of depth filter considering tomographic data","volume":"39","author":"Hoppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, April 24). Free Software GIMP: Version 2.10.10. Available online: https:\/\/www.gimp24.de\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2020, January 14). Object Research Systems: Dragonfly. Available online: http:\/\/www.theobjects.com\/dragonfly."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, March 10). Digital Image Correlation Engine (Dice). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/dicengine\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2020, February 25). Georgia Institute of Technology, Ncorr. Available online: http:\/\/www.ncorr.com\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Gom (2020, March 17). Gom Correlate. Available online: https:\/\/www.gom.com\/de\/3d-software\/gom-correlate.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Chemnitzer Werkstoffmechanik GmbH (2021, May 05). Digitale Bildkorrelation-VEDDAC. Available online: https:\/\/www.cwm-chemnitz.de\/software\/veddac."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, May 05). Open Source Computer Vision. Available online: https:\/\/docs.opencv.org\/master\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, May 05). Open Source Computer Vision. Available online: https:\/\/blogs.nvidia.com\/blog\/2016\/07\/29\/whats-difference-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-deep-learning-ai\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2572683","article-title":"Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation","volume":"39","author":"Shelhamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:05Z","timestamp":1760163845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14133562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14133562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}