{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:36Z","timestamp":1787028816009,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Free Electron Laser (CFEL)","award":["Innovative methods for imaging with the use of X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) and synchrotron sources: simulation of gas-focused microjets, by the Helmholtz Associa-tion through program-oriented funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Innovative methods for imaging with the use of X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) and synchrotron sources: simulation of gas-focused microjets, by the Helmholtz Associa-tion through program-oriented funds"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J2-1718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-1718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence CUI: Advanced Imaging of Matter' of the Deutsche For-schungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - EXC 2056","award":["390715994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390715994"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this work is to determine, based on the computational model, whether a mixture of a binary liquid is capable of producing longer, thinner and faster gas-focused micro-jets, compared to the mono-constituent liquids of its components. Mixtures of water with two different alcohols, water + ethanol and water + 2-propanol, are considered. The numerical study of pre-mixed liquids is performed in the double flow focusing nozzle geometry used in sample delivery in serial femtosecond crystallography experiments. The study reveals that an optimal mixture for maximizing the jet length exists both in a water + ethanol and in a water + 2-propanol system. Additionally, the use of 2-propanol instead of ethanol results in a 34% jet length increase, while the jet diameters and velocities are similar for both mixtures. Pure ethanol and pure 2-propanol are the optimum liquids to achieve the smallest diameter and the fastest jets. However, the overall aim is to find a mixture with the longest, the smallest and the fastest jet. Based on our simulations, it appears that water + 2-propanol mixture might be slightly better than water + ethanol. This study reveals the dominant effect of liquid viscosity on the jet breakup process in a flow focusing nozzles operated under atmospheric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1624880740000},"page":"3614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Numerical Study of the Micro-Jet Formation in Double Flow Focusing Nozzle Geometry Using Different Water-Alcohol Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Grega","family":"Bel\u0161ak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Bajt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0618-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017eidar","family":"\u0160arler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Simulation of Materials and Processes, Institute of Metals and Technology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, S. 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