{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:20:24Z","timestamp":1781590824668,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-06582S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-06582S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rendering mortars with lightweight zeolite aggregates were designed and tested. The effect of the type of binder used was also researched. For the hardened mortars, macrostructural parameters, mechanical characteristics, hygric and thermal properties were assessed. Specific attention was paid to the analysis of the salt crystallization resistance of the developed rendering mortars. Quartz sand was fully replaced in the composition of mortars with zeolite gave materials with low density, high porosity, sufficient mechanical strength, high water vapor permeability and high water absorption coefficient, which are technical parameters required for repair rendering mortars as prescribed in the WTA directive 2-9-04\/D and EN 998-1. Moreover, the zeolite enhanced mortars exhibit good thermal insulation performance and high sorption capacity. The examined rendering mortars were found to be well durable against salt crystallization, which supports their applicability in salt-laden masonry. Based on the compatibility of the repair materials with those originally used, the lime and natural hydraulic lime zeolite mortars can be used as rendering mortars for the repair of historical and heritage buildings. The cement-lime zeolite render is applicable for repair purposes only in the case of the renewal of masonry in which Portland cement-based materials were originally used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T02:59:47Z","timestamp":1625540387000},"page":"3760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Zeolite Lightweight Repair Renders: Effect of Binder Type on Properties and Salt Crystallization Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Th\u00e1kurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e9la","family":"Kapicov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Th\u00e1kurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2332-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Piv\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Th\u00e1kurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0493-9050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Z\u00e1lesk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Th\u00e1kurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Lojka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Jankovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zby\u0161ek","family":"Pavl\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Th\u00e1kurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.06.024","article-title":"Differentiating between anthropogenic calcite in plaster, ash and natural calcite using infrared spectroscopy: Implications in archaeology","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Characterization of renders and plasters from a 16th century portuguese military structure: Chronology and durability","volume":"19","author":"Veiga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor. Build. Monum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1057\/jba.2009.28","article-title":"Inglesinhos convent: Compatible renders and other measures to mitigate water capillary rising problems","volume":"5","author":"Veiga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Build. Apprais"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)01030-X","article-title":"Physico-chemical study of Cretan ancient mortars","volume":"33","author":"Bakolas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4635-0_14","article-title":"Diagnosis, characterization and restoration of the internal renders of Sant\u00edssimo Sacramento church in Lisbon","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Historic Mortars: Characterisation, Assessment and Repair. RILEM Bookseries"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2007.03.001","article-title":"Durability aspects of ancient mortars of the archeological site of Olynthos","volume":"8","author":"Papayianni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9847-9","article-title":"RILEM TC 203-RHM: Repair mortars for historic masonry","volume":"45","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105843","article-title":"Assessment of compatibility between historic mortars and lime-METAKAOLIN restoration mortars made from amazon industrial waste","volume":"198","author":"Loureiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00499-3","article-title":"Nineteenth century hydraulic restoration mortars in the Saint Michael\u2019s Church (Leuven, Belgium): Natural hydraulic lime or cement?","volume":"31","author":"Callebaut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00255","article-title":"Multifunctional lightweight mortars for indoor applications to improve comfort and health of occupants: Thermal properties and photocatalytic efficiency","volume":"7","author":"Pierpaoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Amanatidis, G. (2021, March 22). European Policies on Climate and Energy Towards 2020, 2030 and 2050. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2019\/631047\/IPOL_BRI(2019)631047_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, March 21). Directive 2010\/31\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2010\/31\/oj."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fleiter, T., Steinbach, J., Ragwitz, M., Arens, M., Aydemir, A., Elsland, R., Fleiter, T., Frassine, C., Herbst, A., and Hirze, S. (2021, March 22). Mapping and Analyses of the Current and Future (2020\u20132030) Heating\/Cooling Fuel Deployment (Fossil\/Renewables): Executive Summary. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/mapping-hc-excecutivesummary.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"V\u00e1lek, J., Groot, C., and Hughes, J.J. (2010, January 22\u201324). Energy Renovation by Lime Renders. Historic Mortars and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final Workshop HMC2010. Proceedings of the 2nd Historic Mortars Conference HMC2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final Workshop, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2012.02.032","article-title":"Development and analysis of mineral based coatings for buildings and urban structures","volume":"86","author":"Kolokotsa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Hees, R., Veiga, R., and Sl\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e1, Z. (2017). Consolidation of renders and plasters. Mater. Struct., 50.","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-016-0894-5"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2005). Sanierputzsysteme, Wissenschaftlich-Technische Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Bauwerkserhaltung und Denkmalpflege e.V., WTA Publications. WTA Merkblatt 2-9-04\/D; Vertrieb."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.079","article-title":"The use of zeolite, lightweight aggregate and boiler slag in restoration renders","volume":"142","author":"Siddique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410006","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4912635","article-title":"In-situ analysis of hygric performance of piaristic monastery building","volume":"1648","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.013","article-title":"Selection of plasters and renders for salt laden masonry substrates","volume":"23","author":"Groot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.014","article-title":"Moisture and salt transport in three-layer plaster\/substrate systems","volume":"24","author":"Petkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, T.D., Pel, L., and Delgado Rodrigues, J. (2008, January 24\u201326). Worsening of dampness and salt damage after restoration interventions: Use of water-repellent additives in plasters and renders. Proceedings of the 1st Historical Mortars Conference (HMC08), Portugal, Lisbon."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"V\u00e1lek, J., Groot, C., and Hughes, J.J. (2010, January 22\u201324). Salt Crystallization in Substitution Renderd for Historical Constructions. Historic Mortars and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final Workshop HMC2010. Proceedings of the 2nd Historic Mortars Conference HMC2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM Final Workshop, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"75","article-title":"Self-healing of lime based mortars: Microscopy observations on case studies","volume":"56","author":"Lubelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heron"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14568\/cp8_9","article-title":"Specification and time required for the application of a lime-based render inside historic buildings","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Patrim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.080","article-title":"Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review","volume":"157","author":"Veiga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.005","article-title":"Design and behavior of traditional lime-based plasters and renders. Review and critical appraisal of strengths and weaknesses","volume":"89","author":"Nogueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.02.030","article-title":"The influence of cement on properties of lime mortars","volume":"172","author":"Gulbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.003","article-title":"Some considerations about the use of lime\u2013cement mortars for building conservation purposes in Portugal: A reprehensible option or a lesser evil?","volume":"30","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120617","article-title":"Non-hydrophobized perlite renders for repair and thermal insulation purposes: Influence of different binders on their properties and durability","volume":"263","author":"Bayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.059","article-title":"Experimental testing of the durability of lime-based mortars used for rendering historic buildings","volume":"28","author":"Arizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.118","article-title":"Influence of clay minerals addition on mechanical properties of air lime\u2013metakaolin mortars","volume":"65","author":"Velosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A.R., Veiga, M.R., Matias, L., Silva, A.S., and De Brito, J. (2018). Durability and compatibility of lime-based mortars: The effect of aggregates. Infrastructures, 34.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0397.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavl\u00edk, Z., Pokorn\u00fd, J., Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Zemanov\u00e1, L., Z\u00e1lesk\u00e1, M., Vy\u0161va\u0159il, M., and \u017di\u017elavsk\u00fd, T. (2019). Mortars with crushed lava granulate for repair of damp historical buildings. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12213557"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"191","article-title":"Utilization of pumice of Burdur region and zeolite of Bigadi\u00e7-Bal\u0131kesir region as fine aggregate in construction materials","volume":"161","author":"Kockal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Min. Res. Exp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-020-01932-w","article-title":"The effect of replacing sand with aggregate from sanitary ceramic waste on the durability of stucco mortars","volume":"22","author":"Klimek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Envir."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Durability of a repaired dune sand mortar modified by ceramic waste","volume":"10","author":"Abadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120016","article-title":"The microstructural and physical properties of renovation renders with clinoptilolite, Na-P1 and Na-X zeolites","volume":"261","author":"Panek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122021","article-title":"Feasibility and economic evaluation of grouting materials containing binary and ternary industrial waste","volume":"274","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.006","article-title":"Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121363","article-title":"Effects of natural zeolite addition on the properties of lime putty-based rendering mortars","volume":"270","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.128","article-title":"Effect of curing conditions on the properties of lime, lime\u2013metakaolin and lime\u2013zeolite mortars","volume":"102","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00210-2","article-title":"Masonry repair lime-based mortars: Factors affecting the mechanical behavior","volume":"33","author":"Lanas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Horn, K. (2011). Lime Rendering-Sustainable Heritage Report No. 1, Novia Publications and Production."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.03.005","article-title":"Technological and microstructural characterization of mortars and plasters from the Roman site of Qasr Azraq, in Jordan","volume":"33","author":"Tenconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01332.x","article-title":"Aging of lime putty: Effects on traditional lime mortar carbonation","volume":"83","author":"Cazalla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry (1999). Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Flow Table), European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 1015-3."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 10: Determination of Dry Bulk Density of Hardened Mortar, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 1015-10."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.168","article-title":"Eco-friendly concrete with scrap-tyre-rubber-based aggregate\u2014Properties and thermal stability","volume":"225","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 1015-11."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2002). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry-Part 18: Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient Due to Capillarity Action of Hardened Mortar, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 1015-18."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107242","article-title":"Hygric properties of porous building materials (VI): A round robin campaign","volume":"185","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.01.028","article-title":"High-performance magnesium oxychloride composites with silica sand and diatomite","volume":"11","author":"Lojka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/109719639902200409","article-title":"Moisture diffusivity of building materials from water absorption measurements","volume":"22","author":"Kumaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Therm. Envelope Build. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2016). Hygrothermal Performance of Building Materials and Product Determination of Water Vapour Transmission Properties, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). EN ISO 12572."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-013-1550-8","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the Properties of lime-based plaster-containing pcm for enhancing the heat-storage capacity of building envelopes","volume":"35","author":"Keppert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Resistance to Salt Crystallization, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 12370."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"van Breugel, K., and Koenders, A.E.B. (2014, January 26\u201328). Salt crystallization damage: How realistic are existing ageing tests?. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Ageing of Materials & Structures Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.006","article-title":"Effect of mixed in crystallization modifiers on the resistance of lime mortar against NaCl and Na2SO4 crystallization","volume":"194","author":"Granneman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2016). Specification for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 1: Rendering and Plastering Mortar, European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 998-1."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, P., and Roca, P. (2001). Methodologies for characterisation and repair of mortars of ancient buildings. Historical Constructions, University of Minho."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.058","article-title":"Natural hydraulic lime versus cement for blended lime mortars for restoration works","volume":"94","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.017","article-title":"Strength development and lime reaction in mortars for repairing historic masonries","volume":"27","author":"Moropoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"609","article-title":"Current mortars in conservation: An overview","volume":"10","author":"Henriques","year":"2004","journal-title":"Restor. Build. Monum."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.020","article-title":"Traditional organic additives improve lime mortars: New old materials for restoration and building natural stone fabrics","volume":"25","author":"Vendrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3523-2","article-title":"The longevity of old mortars","volume":"83","author":"Papayianni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Groot, C. (2005). Design and Manufacture of Repair Mortars for Interventions on Monuments and Historical Buildings, RILEM Publications SARL. Workshop Repair Mortars for Historic Masonry."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.010","article-title":"Infleunce of natural hzdraulic lime content on the properties of aerial lime-based mortars","volume":"72","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parcesepe, E., De Masi, R.F., Lima, C., Mauro, G.M., Pecce, M.R., and Maddaloni, G. (2021). Assessmet of mechanical and thermal properties of hem-lime mortar. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040882"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1097196304042119","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of hygric properties of porous building materials","volume":"27","author":"Roels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Therm. Envel. Build. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Zemanov\u00e1, L., Z\u00e1lesk\u00e1, M., Pokorn\u00fd, J., Lojka, M., Jankovsk\u00fd, O., and Pavl\u00edk, Z. (2019). Ternary blended binder for production of a novel type of lightweight repair mortar. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12060996"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.03.004","article-title":"The vapor diffusion resistance and air permeance of masonry and roofing systems","volume":"41","author":"Hens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2014.08.002","article-title":"Morphological effects on the hygroscopic properties of sodium chloride\u2013sodium sulfate aerosols","volume":"77","author":"Darr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990034t","article-title":"Phase transitions of aqueous atmospheric particles","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500484396","article-title":"Nanosize effect on the deliquescence and the efflorescence of sodium chloride particels","volume":"40","author":"Biskos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:26:21Z","timestamp":1760163981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/13\/3760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14133760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14133760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]}}}