{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1763664604895,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A study of indium-incorporated copper selenide thin-film deposition on a glass substrate using the successive ionic adsorption and reaction method (SILAR) and the resulting properties is presented. The films were formed using these steps: selenization in the solution of diseleniumtetrathionate acid, treatment with copper(II\/I) ions, incorporation of indium(III), and annealing in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The elemental and phasal composition, as well as the morphological and optical properties of obtained films were determined. X-ray diffraction data showed a mixture of various compounds: Se, Cu0.87Se, In2Se3, and CuInSe2. The obtained films had a dendritic structure, agglomerated and not well-defined grains, and a film thickness of ~90 \u03bcm. The band gap values of copper selenide were 1.28\u20131.30 eV and increased after indium-incorporation and annealing. The optical properties of the formed films correspond to the optical properties of copper selenide and indium selenide semiconductors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1625718769000},"page":"3810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of In-Incorporation and Annealing on CuxSe Thin Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Algimantas","family":"Ivanauskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remigijus","family":"Ivanauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrida","family":"Ancutiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017). Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets, Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.04.068","article-title":"Electrodeposition of Cu\u2013In alloys from a choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent for photovoltaic applications","volume":"103","author":"Malaquias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2014.03.015","article-title":"(One-step) electrochemical deposition and characterization of CuInSe2 thin films","volume":"53","author":"Kashyout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0248(02)00115-0","article-title":"Effect of Cl ion implantation on electrical properties of CuInSe2 thin films","volume":"75","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3102","article-title":"Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 53)","volume":"27","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., and Ando, S. (2015, January 12\u201314). Preparation and Characterizations of CuInSe2 Thin Films by Spin-Coating Method Using the Nanoparticles of CuInSe2. Proceedings of the 2015 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS), Sinaia, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMICND.2015.7355167"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056402","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/2\/5\/056402","article-title":"Quality CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films processed by single-step electrochemical deposition techniques","volume":"2","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.03.215","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of CuInSe2 thin films by chemical bath deposition technique","volume":"500","author":"Hankare","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2017.06.002","article-title":"Opto-transport properties of e-beam evaporated annealed CuInSe2 thin films","volume":"8","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.01.152","article-title":"Influence of sputtering power on composition, structure and electrical properties of RF sputtered CuIn1\u2013xGaxSe2 thin films","volume":"258","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2015.02.059","article-title":"Study of single crystal CuInSe2 thin films and CuGaSe2\/CuInSe2 single quantum well grown by molecular beam epitaxy","volume":"425","author":"Thiru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b01590","article-title":"Controlled Synthesis of High-Quality Monolayered \u03b1-In2Se3 via Physical Vapor Deposition","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.10.038","article-title":"Selenization of printed Cu\u2013In\u2013Se alloy nanopowder layers for fabrication of CuInSe2 thin film solar cells","volume":"582","author":"Zaghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30005","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0003105","article-title":"The investigation of chemically deposited Cu3BiS3 into mesoporous TiO2 films for the application of semiconductor-sensitized solar cells","volume":"2221","author":"Rahayu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03024-3","article-title":"Comparative studies of CdS thin films by chemical bath deposition techniques as a buffer layer for solar cell applications","volume":"31","author":"Ashok","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20003","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0003062","article-title":"Sequential ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR)\u2014A facile, low-cost growth method for ternary semiconductors for solar cells","volume":"2221","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.18576\/ijtfst\/100102","article-title":"The growth and opto-electrical characterization of silar-grown iron copper sulphide (Fecus) ternary thin films","volume":"10","author":"Adeniji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Thin Film Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.02.050","article-title":"Synthesis of SnSe quantum dots by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for efficient solar cells applications","volume":"199","author":"Loskot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2020.103619","article-title":"Thickness dependent morphological, structural and optical properties of SS\/CuO nanocoatings as selective solar absorber","volume":"113","author":"Welegergs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"56","article-title":"The investigation of diffusion of interaction products between dilute","volume":"18","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"\u0160ukyt\u0117, J., Ivanauskas, A., and Ancutien\u0117, I. (2014). Comparitive study of selenopolythionic acids H2SenS2O6 as precursors for formation of chalcogenides layers. Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Proceedings of the International Conference, Technologija, Kaunas, Lithuania, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [97th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315380476"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/3\/2\/009","article-title":"Selenium Compounds Studied by Means of ESCA","volume":"3","author":"Malmsten","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2016.03.004","article-title":"Copper selenide crystallites synthesized using the hot-injection process","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1247638","article-title":"Single Crystal CuInSe2 Analysis by High Resolution XPS","volume":"1","author":"Sobol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1063\/1.335341","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of surface treatments and electrochemical decomposition of CuInSe2 photoelectrodes","volume":"57","author":"Cahen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5963(80)90117-8","article-title":"XPS study of copper aluminate catalysts","volume":"5","author":"Ertl","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4332(89)90505-9","article-title":"Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the biocorrosion of copper by alginic acid polysaccharide","volume":"37","author":"Jolley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1116\/1.571040","article-title":"Initial oxidation of CuInSe2","volume":"19","author":"Kazmerski","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740151102","article-title":"XPS investigation of anodic oxides grown on p-type InP","volume":"15","author":"Faur","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00058a001","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of the cubane-type molybdenum-indium mixed-metal cluster [Mo3InS4\u00b72(H2O)10]3+","volume":"32","author":"Sakane","year":"1993","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2020.100706","article-title":"Tuning the optical and photocatalytic features of copper selenide prepared by chemical solution deposition method","volume":"21","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2021.105676","article-title":"Aqueous spray pyrolysis of CuInSe2 thin films: Study of different indium salts in precursor solution on physical and electrical properties of sprayed thin films","volume":"126","author":"Hashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2020.138209","article-title":"Deposition and properties of mixed molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and copper sulfide (CuxS) films on glass surface using elemental sulfur as a precursor","volume":"709","author":"Ancutiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/1616-3028(200203)12:3<219::AID-ADFM219>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Uniform Nanowires of Trigonal Selenium","volume":"12","author":"Gates","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.103041","article-title":"Influence of tartaric acid concentration on structural and optical properties of CuSe nanoparticles synthesized via microwave assisted method","volume":"17","author":"Shitu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.02.010","article-title":"Cu2\u2212xSe\/CdS composite photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalysis activity","volume":"478","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.06.158","article-title":"Deposition of nanocrystal thin films of Cu2Se and their optical and electrical characterization","volume":"474","author":"Babu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04ES15","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.04ES15","article-title":"Crystallographic and optical properties and band structures of CuInSe2, CuIn3Se5, and CuIn5Se8 phases in Cu-poor Cu2Se\u2013In2Se3 pseudo-binary system","volume":"55","author":"Maeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b11255","article-title":"Colloidal Monolayer \u03b2-In2Se3 Nanosheets with High Photoresponsivity","volume":"139","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/3810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:38Z","timestamp":1760164058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/3810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14143810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14143810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}