{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:08:34Z","timestamp":1777896514798,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents the state of knowledge and research in the field of surface cracks occurring in disc braking systems of rail and car vehicles. The craze formed during the operation of vehicles is particularly dangerous and leads to breaking the disc into several pieces. It may lead to a loss of braking force and damage to the entire disc brake caliper. The main aim of the research is to identify surface cracks in brake discs made of cast iron and use experimental methods to estimate their depth. Research were conducted on the disc braking system developed by the authors. In examining the location and depth of cracks, the penetration method, ultrasound, as well as a special probe were used. This device measures the crack depth based on the electrical resistance between two points on the surface of the metallic object. The tests showed that the first microcracks on the brake discs appeared after 309 braking tests on the test stand. In addition, it was observed that the surface cracks length of the disc increased linearly to depth until they reached about 11.5\u201312 mm with corresponded to crack lengths in the range of 65\u201370 mm. However, determination of the regression functions presented in the article allows to estimate the depth of surface cracks up to 70 mm long on cast iron brake discs by measuring their length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"3890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modeling the Depth of Surface Cracks in Brake Disc"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Sawczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Civil Engineering, Institute of Transport, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"J\u00fcngst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Civil Engineering, Institute of Transport, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Ulbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Civil Engineering, Institute of Machines and Motor Vehicles, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Civil Engineering, Institute of Machines and Motor Vehicles, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2008.01.009","article-title":"Thermal fatigue cracks of fire fighting vehicles gray ironbrake discs","volume":"16","author":"Bagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. 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