{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:28:16Z","timestamp":1772087296775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an attempt to incorporate tin (Sn) into high-entropy alloys composed of refractory metals Hf, Nb, Ti and Zr with the addition of 3d transition metals Cu, Fe, and Ni, we synthesized a series of alloys in the system HfTiZrSnM (M = Cu, Fe, Nb, Ni). The alloys were characterized crystallographically, microstructurally, and compositionally, and their physical properties were determined, with the emphasis on superconductivity. All Sn-containing alloys are multi-phase mixtures of intermetallic compounds (in most cases four). A common feature of the alloys is a microstructure of large crystalline grains of a hexagonal (Hf, Ti, Zr)5Sn3 partially ordered phase embedded in a matrix that also contains many small inclusions. In the HfTiZrSnCu alloy, some Cu is also incorporated into the grains. Based on the electrical resistivity, specific heat, and magnetization measurements, a superconducting (SC) state was observed in the HfTiZr, HfTiZrSn, HfTiZrSnNi, and HfTiZrSnNb alloys. The HfTiZrSnFe alloy shows a partial SC transition, whereas the HfTiZrSnCu alloy is non-superconducting. All SC alloys are type II superconductors and belong to the Anderson class of \u201cdirty\u201d superconductors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"3953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Structure and Superconductivity of Tin-Containing HfTiZrSnM (M = Cu, Fe, Nb, Ni) Medium-Entropy and High-Entropy Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darja","family":"Ga\u010dnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreja","family":"Jelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitja","family":"Krnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Vrtnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u017ee","family":"Luzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9837-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Primo\u017e","family":"Ko\u017eelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"van Midden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Zupani\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wencka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, PL-60-179 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Meden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Changdong Road 7777, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janez","family":"Dolin\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200300567","article-title":"Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcome","volume":"6","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3166\/acsm.31.633-648","article-title":"Recent progress in high-entropy alloys","volume":"31","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Chem. Sci. Mat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murthy, B.S., Yeh, J.-W., Ranganathan, S., and Bhattacharjee, P.P. (2019). High-Entropy Alloys, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816067-1.00009-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M.C., Yeh, J.-W., Liaw, P.K., and Zhang, Y. (2016). High-Entropy Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27013-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.10.001","article-title":"Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"De Boer, F.R., Boom, R., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R., and Niessen, A.K. (1988). Cohesion in Metals: Transition Metal Alloys (Cohesion and Structure), North Holland."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.46.2817","article-title":"Classification of bulk metallic glasses by atomic size difference, heat of mixing and period of constituent element and its application to characterization of the main alloying element","volume":"46","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans1989.41.1372","article-title":"Calculations of Mixing Enthalpy and Mismatch Entropy for Ternary Amorphous Alloys","volume":"41","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Craig, B.D., and Anderson, D.S. (1995). Handbook of Corrosion Data, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107900","article-title":"Alloy design and fabrication of ingots in Cu-Zn-Mn-Ni-Sn high-entropy and Cu-Zn-Mn-Ni medium-entropy brasses","volume":"181","author":"Nagase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangtong, P., Namus, R.M., and Goodall, R. (2021). Improved tribocorrosion resistance by addition of Sn to CrFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11010013"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8247","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-014-1378-y","article-title":"Microstructure and the properties of AlFeCoNiCrSnx high-entropy alloys","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1179\/1743284714Y.0000000730","article-title":"Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of FeCoNiCuSnx high entropy alloys","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-019-00328-w","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeMnNiSnx high-entropy alloys","volume":"26","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, C., Yu, L., Gu, Y., Pan, M., Tan, X., and Xu, H. (2018). Magnetic properties and microstructure of FeCoNi(CuAl)0.8Snx (0 \u2264 x \u2264 0.10) high-entropy alloys. Entropy, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/e20110872"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.09.145","article-title":"Search for high entropy alloys in the X-NbTaTiZr systems (X = Al, Cr, V, Sn)","volume":"620","author":"Poletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ga\u010dnik, D., Jelen, A., Vrtnik, S., Ko\u017eelj, P., Krnel, M., Hu, Q., and Dolin\u0161ek, J. (2020). Superconductivity in high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys from the Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn-Hf-Ta system. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinkham, M. (1996). Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2807811"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576718000183","article-title":"TOPAS and TOPAS-Academic: An optimization program integrating computer algebra and crystallographic objects written in C++","volume":"51","author":"Coleho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tari, A. (2003). The Specific Heat of Matter at Low Temperatures, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860949395"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian Chen, C. (1993). Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195071504.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.107001","article-title":"Discovery of a superconducting high-entropy alloy","volume":"113","author":"Vrtnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Alberty, R.A., and Silbey, R.J. (1992). Physical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2003.10.257","article-title":"Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys","volume":"375\u2013377","author":"Cantor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.27.4149","article-title":"Superconductivity and spin fluctuations in M\u2212Zr metallic glasses (M = Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe)","volume":"27","author":"Altounian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2005.07.006","article-title":"Superconductivity in a representative Zr-based bulk metallic glass","volume":"351","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3697(59)90036-8","article-title":"Theory of dirty superconductors","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.3.090301","article-title":"High-entropy alloy superconductors: Status, opportunities and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"E7144","article-title":"Effect of electron count and chemical complexity in the Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti high-entropy alloy superconductor","volume":"113","author":"Winiarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.201600056","article-title":"Superconductivity of Ta34Nb33Hf8Zr14Ti11 high entropy alloy from first principles calculations","volume":"10","author":"Jasiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Rapid Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.11.417","article-title":"Superconductivity in thermally annealed Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti high-entropy alloys","volume":"695","author":"Vrtnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.2.034801","article-title":"Isoelectronic substitutions and aluminium alloying in the Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti high-entropy alloy superconductor","volume":"2","author":"Cava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2018.00072","article-title":"Superconducting Ti15Zr15Nb35Ta35 high-entropy alloy with intermediate electron-phonon coupling","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.102275","article-title":"New high-entropy alloy superconductor Hf21Nb25Ti15V15Zr24","volume":"13","author":"Ishizu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10441","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC03337D","article-title":"High-entropy alloy superconductors on an \u03b1-Mn lattice","volume":"6","author":"Stolze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b04578","article-title":"Sc\u2212Zr\u2212Nb\u2212Rh\u2212Pd and Sc\u2212Zr\u2212Nb\u2212Ta\u2212Rh\u2212Pd high-entropy alloy superconductors on a CsCl-type lattice","volume":"30","author":"Stolze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.08.039","article-title":"Superconductivity in equimolar Nb-Re-Hf-Zr-Ti high entropy alloy","volume":"769","author":"Marik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/3953\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:30:50Z","timestamp":1760164250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/3953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14143953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14143953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]}}}