{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:38:42Z","timestamp":1778589522572,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020","award":["GrapheneCore3 881603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GrapheneCore3 881603"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the 593 Russian Federation","award":["MegaGrant (no. 075-15-2019-872 (14.Y26.31.0027\/074-02- 594 2018-327)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MegaGrant (no. 075-15-2019-872 (14.Y26.31.0027\/074-02- 594 2018-327)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the ideal performance demonstrated by mixed perovskite materials when used as active layers in photovoltaic devices, the factor which still hampers their use in real life remains the poor stability of their physico-chemical and functional properties when submitted to prolonged permanence in atmosphere, exposure to light and\/or to moderately high temperature. We used high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemical state of triple cation, double halide Csx(FA0.83MA0.17)(1\u2212x)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite thin films being freshly deposited or kept for one month in the dark or in the light in environmental conditions. Important deviations from the nominal composition were found in the samples aged in the dark, which, however, did not show evident signs of oxidation and basically preserved their own electronic structures. Ageing in the light determined a dramatic material deterioration with heavily perturbed chemical composition also due to reactions of the perovskite components with surface contaminants, promoted by the exposure to visible radiation. We also investigated the implications that 2D MXene flakes, recently identified as effective perovskite additive to improve solar cell efficiency, might have on the labile resilience of the material to external agents. Our results exclude any deleterious MXene influence on the perovskite stability and, actually, might evidence a mild stabilizing effect for the fresh samples, which, if doped, exhibited a lower deviation from the expected stoichiometry with respect to the undoped sample. The evolution of the undoped perovskites under thermal stress was studied by heating the samples in UHV while monitoring in real time, simultaneously, the behaviour of four representative material elements. Moreover, we could reveal the occurrence of fast changes induced in the fresh material by the photon beam as well as the enhanced decomposition triggered by the concurrent X-ray irradiation and thermal heating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"3954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mixed Cation Halide Perovskite under Environmental and Physical Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1109-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Larciprete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-Institute for Complex Systems, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Agresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pescetelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Pazniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pprime, UPR 3346 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, BP 30179, 86962 Futuroscope-Chasseneuil, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Liedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-LNF, Via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Lacovig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5243-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lizzit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvano","family":"Lizzit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6828-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"LASE\u2014Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 04). Best Research-Cell Efficiencies, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE03874J","article-title":"Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: Improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Saliba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Environ. 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