{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:59:23Z","timestamp":1773669563372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(0852-2020-0032)\/(BAZ0110\/20-3-07IF)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(0852-2020-0032)\/(BAZ0110\/20-3-07IF)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferroelectric ceramic materials based on the (1-x-y) NaNbO3-xKNbO3-yCd0.5NbO3 system (x = 0.05\u20130.65, y = 0.025\u20130.30, \u0394x = 0.05) were obtained by a two-stage solid-phase synthesis followed by sintering using conventional ceramic technology. It was found that the region of pure solid solutions extends to x = 0.70 at y = 0.05 and, with increasing y, it narrows down to x \u2264 0.10 at y = 0.25. Going out beyond the specified concentrations leads to the formation of a heterogeneous region. It is shown that the grain landscape of all studied ceramics is formed during recrystallization sintering in the presence of a liquid phase, the source of which is unreacted components (Na2CO3 with Tmelt. = 1126 K, K2CO3 with Tmelt. = 1164 K, KOH with Tmelt. = 677 K) and low-melting eutectics in niobate mixtures (NaNbO3, Tmelt. = 1260 K, KNbO3, Tmelt. = 1118 K). A study of the electrophysical properties at room temperature showed the nonmonotonic behavior of all dependences with extrema near symmetry transitions, which corresponds to the logic of changes in the electrophysical parameters in systems with morphotropic phase boundaries. An analysis of the evolution of dielectric spectra made it possible to distinguish three groups of solid solutions: classical ferroelectrics (y = 0.05\u20130.10), ferroelectrics with a diffuse phase transition (y = 0.30), and ferroelectrics relaxors (y = 0.15\u20130.25). A conclusion about the expediency of using the obtained data in the development of materials and devices based on such materials has been made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14144009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"4009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Features of the Structure and Electrophysical Properties of Solid Solutions of the System (1-x-y) NaNbO3-xKNbO3-yCd0.5NbO3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Andryushin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidiya","family":"Shilkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Andryushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Nagaenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Technology and Piezo Technic, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Moysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Dudkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Reznichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jaffe, B., Cook, W.R., and Jaffe, H. (1971). Piezoelectric Ceramics, Elsevier BV."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1179\/1743676112Y.0000000028","article-title":"Bulk piezoelectric ceramic transformers","volume":"112","author":"Erhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andryushin, K.P., Andryshina, I.N., Shilkina, L.A., Dudkina, S.I., Verbenko, I.A., Reznichenko, L.A., Mazuritskiy, M., Nagaenko, A., Parinov, I.A., and Chang, S.-H. (2018). Thermodynamic Prehistory in the Formation of the Internal Structure of Highly Stable Ferroelectric Materials. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8101897"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78919-4_1","article-title":"Binary, Ternary and Four-Component Systems Based on Sodium Niobate: Phase Diagrams of States, the Role of the Number of Components and Defectiveness in the Formation of the Properties","volume":"207","author":"Reznichenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Springer Proc. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.07.042","article-title":"Features of the structure and macro responses in hard ferro piezoceramics based on the PZT system","volume":"44","author":"Andryushin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Union (2003). Directive 2002\/95\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Off. J. Eur. Union, 37, 19\u201323."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Union (2011). Directive 2011\/65\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Off. J. Eur. Union, 174, 88\u2013110."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168509060211","article-title":"Production and dielectric properties of lead-free ceramics with the formula [(Na0.5K0.5)1\u2212xLix](Nb1\u2212y\u2212zTaySbz)O3","volume":"45","author":"Verbenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160101","article-title":"Superior energy storage properties in (1\u2212x)(0.65Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.35Bi0.2Sr0.7TiO3)-xCaZrO3 ceramics with excellent temperature stability","volume":"876","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159699","article-title":"Relaxor characteristics and pyroelectric energy harvesting performance of BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 ceramic","volume":"872","author":"Kacem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.03.018","article-title":"Large electro-strain with excellent fatigue resistance of lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Y0.5Nb0.5)xO3 perovskite ceramics","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2021.114345","article-title":"Structural and dielectric properties of pure potassium sodium niobate (KNN) lead free ceramics","volume":"334\u2013335","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.01.037","article-title":"Physical properties of the (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)0.97La0.01Nb0.9Ta0.1O3 ceramic with coexisting tetragonal and orthorhombic monocrystalline grains at room temperature","volume":"47","author":"Fuentes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2020.008820","article-title":"Piezo and pyroelectricity in spark plasma sintered potassium sodium niobate (KNN) ceramics","volume":"27","author":"Morshed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1021\/cr5006809","article-title":"Potassium\u2013Sodium Niobate Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials: Past, Present, and Future of Phase Boundaries","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159770","article-title":"Excellent piezoelectric performance of KNNS-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics through powder pretreatment by hydrothermal method","volume":"874","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3643-0","article-title":"Review: Environmental friendly lead-free piezoelectric materials","volume":"44","author":"Panda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2829800","article-title":"Influence of Compositional Variation on the Electrical Properties of [Pb(Zn1\/3Nb2\/3)O3]\u2013[Pb(Zr,Ti)O3] Ceramics and Their Transducer Application","volume":"65","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2018.1470839","article-title":"Synthesis, structure and electric properties of a novel solid solution system: (1-x)Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-xBi(Zn2\/3Nb1\/3)O3","volume":"533","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17826","article-title":"Electrical properties and temperature stability of SrTiO3-modified (Bi1\/2Na1\/2)TiO3-BaTiO3-(K1\/2Na1\/2)NbO3 piezoceramics","volume":"104","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/abf789","article-title":"Enhanced room temperature energy storage density of Bi(Li1\/3Ti2\/3)O3 substituted Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 ceramics","volume":"54","author":"Karakaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.12.060","article-title":"Enhanced piezoelectric properties in new ternary ceramics CuO-doped PSN-PMN-PT by low-temperature sintering","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(1948). Powder Diffraction File, JCPDS. Set. 14, Card. 603."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(1948). Powder Diffraction File, JCPDS. Set. 32, Card. 822."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(1948). Powder Diffraction File, JCPDS. Set. 38, Card. 1428."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1325026","article-title":"Ferroelectric elastance of sodium niobate-lithium niobate solid solutions in relation to A-O bond covalence","volume":"45","author":"Reznichenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tech. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022194512814","article-title":"Dielectric and pizoelectric properties of NaNbO3-based solid solutions","volume":"39","author":"Reznichenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Okadzaki, K. (1976). Technology of Technical Dielectrics, Energy."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"IEEE (1988). IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity ANSI\/IEEE Std 176-1987, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.08.154","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and reaction mechanism of Pb(Zr1\/2Ti1\/2)O3-Pb(Zn1\/3Nb2\/3)O3\u2013Pb(Ni1\/3Nb2\/3)O3 piezoelectric ceramics with plate-like PbTiO3 template","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.06.114","article-title":"Transient liquid phase diffusion process for porous mullite ceramics with excellent mechanical properties","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-8914(61)90107-0","article-title":"The role of grain boundary motion in the last stage of sintering","volume":"27","author":"Hornstra","year":"1961","journal-title":"Physica"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/4009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:22Z","timestamp":1760164282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/14\/4009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14144009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14144009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]}}}