{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:22:55Z","timestamp":1784258575693,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Aeronautical University","award":["2019KY1120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KY1120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of stress ratio (R), loading condition, and MnS inclusion on the fatigue behavior of a medium-carbon pearlitic wheel-steel were investigated by a combination of rotating (frequency of 52.5 Hz, 103\u2013108) bending and ultrasonic (frequency of 20 kHz, 5 \u00d7 104\u2013109) axial cycling tests in high-cycle and very-high-cycle regimes. All the S-N curves present horizontal asymptotic shapes and have clear fatigue limits. The fatigue limits (260\u2013270 MPa) for R = \u22121 obtained by ultrasonic test are almost 140\u2013150 MPa lower than that (400\u2013410 MPa) obtained by rotating bending, and the limit values of R = 0.3 are almost in the range of 195\u2013205 MPa. For rotating bending, the fatigue fractures were originated from the surface matrix of the specimen. Whereas for ultrasonic fatigue, both surface and interior crack initiation occurred, and cracks were all initiated from MnS inclusions regardless of stress ratios. The finite element method was employed to study the influence of MnS inclusions on crack initiation and propagation. The results show that high stress concentrates on the sides of the elliptical MnS inclusion rather than the tip of the inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T02:16:07Z","timestamp":1628043367000},"page":"4318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Fatigue Behaviors of a Medium-Carbon Pearlitic Wheel-Steel with Elongated Sulfides in High-Cycle and Very-High-Cycle Regimes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautical Structural Engineering, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Department of Aircraft Design, School of Aircraft, Xi\u2019an Aeronautical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautical Structural Engineering, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gas Disaster Monitoring and Emergency Technology, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Chongqing Research Institute, Chongqing 400037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautical Structural Engineering, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cyclic deformation behaviour of railway wheel steels in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime","volume":"33","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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