{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:22:03Z","timestamp":1781169723833,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN 2017 - Innovative Systems for the UpgRade of MasOnry structUres and Non sTructural elements (SURMOUNT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017 - Innovative Systems for the UpgRade of MasOnry structUres and Non sTructural elements (SURMOUNT)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of several numerical analyses aimed at investigating the in-plane resistance of masonry walls by means of two modelling approaches: a finite element model (FEM) and a discrete macro-element model (DMEM). Non-linear analyses are developed, in both cases, by changing the mechanical properties of masonry (compressive and tensile strengths, fracture energy in compression and tension, shear strength) and the value of the vertical compression stress applied on the walls. The reliability of both numerical models is firstly checked by means of comparisons with experimental tests available in the literature. The analyses show that the numerical results provided by the two modelling approaches are in good agreement, in terms of both failure loads and modes, while some differences are observed in their load-displacement curves, especially in the non-linear field. Finally, the numerical in-plane resistances are compared with the theoretical formulations provided by the Italian building code for both flexural and shear failure modes and an amendment for the shape factor \u2018b\u2019 introduced in the code formulation for squat walls is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:57:54Z","timestamp":1633917474000},"page":"5780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["In-Plane Behaviour of Masonry Walls: Numerical Analysis and Design Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Celano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Is. C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Umberto","family":"Argiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structure for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Forno Vecchio, 80134 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale Is. C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8734-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Casapulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structure for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Forno Vecchio, 80134 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/13632460309350476","article-title":"Picchi, Evaluation of out-of-plane stability of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to seismic excitation","volume":"7","author":"Griffith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Earthq. 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Dyn."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/19\/5780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:01Z","timestamp":1760166541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/19\/5780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14195780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14195780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]}}}