{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:36Z","timestamp":1787028816729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The last decade has witnessed the advance of metal halide perovskites as a promising low-cost and efficient class of light harvesters used in solar cells (SCs). Remarkably, the efficiency of lab-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reached a power conversion efficiency of 25.5% in just ~10 years of research, rivalling the current record of 26.1% for Si-based PVs. To further boost the performances of PSCs, the use of 2D materials (such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides) has been proposed, thanks to their remarkable optoelectronic properties (that can be tuned with proper chemical composition engineering) and chemical stability. In particular, 2D materials have been demonstrated as promising candidates for (i) accelerating hot carrier transfer across the interfaces between the perovskite and the charge extraction layers; (ii) improving the crystallization of the perovskite layers (when used as additives in the precursor solution); (iii) favoring electronic bands alignment through tuning of the work function. In this mini-review, we discuss the physical mechanisms underlying the increased efficiency of 2D material-based PSCs, focusing on the three aforementioned effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"5843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Interface Engineering for Perovskite Solar Cells Based on 2D-Materials: A Physics Point of View"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Verduci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Agresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences (MIFT), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences (MIFT), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BP Global (2021, October 06). Statistical Review of World Energy, Available online: https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"A Fundamental Look at Supply Side Energy Reserves For The Planet","volume":"62","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Energy Agency SHC Program. Sol. Updat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15007","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2015.7","article-title":"Hybrid organic\u2014Inorganic perovskites: Low-cost semiconductors with intriguing charge-transport properties","volume":"1","author":"Brenner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam6323","article-title":"Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells","volume":"358","author":"Saliba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00276","article-title":"Charge-Carrier Mobilities in Metal Halide Perovskites: Fundamental Mechanisms and Limits","volume":"2","author":"Herz","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703226","article-title":"Perovskite Solar Cells: From the Atomic Level to Film Quality and Device Performance","volume":"57","author":"Saliba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0065-0","article-title":"Dimensional tailoring of hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics","volume":"4","author":"Grancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1021\/cm990561t","article-title":"Electroluminescence from an organic-inorganic perovskite incorporating a quaterthiophene dye within lead halide perovskite layers","volume":"11","author":"Chondroudis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r","article-title":"Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells","volume":"131","author":"Kojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00591","article-title":"Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2021, October 06). Best Research-Cell Efficiencies, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/assets\/pdfs\/best-research-cell-efficiencies-rev210726.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b00136","article-title":"How to Make over 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells in Regular (n-i-p) and Inverted (p-i-n) Architectures","volume":"30","author":"Saliba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC01184F","article-title":"Efficiency vs. stability: Dopant-free hole transporting materials towards stabilized perovskite solar cells","volume":"10","author":"Rakstys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellani, S., Bartolotta, A., Agresti, A., Calogero, G., Grancini, G., Di Carlo, A., Kymakis, E., and Bonaccorso, F. (2021). Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem. Soc. Rev.","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00106J"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The rise of graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158877","article-title":"Graphene: Status and prospects","volume":"324","author":"Geim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201602254","article-title":"Phosphorene and Phosphorene-Based Materials\u2014Prospects for Future Applications","volume":"28","author":"Batmunkh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10396","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505253p","article-title":"High Performance Field-Effect Transistor Based on Multilayer Tungsten Disulfide","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1021\/nl500171v","article-title":"Mono- and Bilayer WS2 Light-Emitting Transistors","volume":"14","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1021\/nn502362b","article-title":"Electrical Transport Properties of Single-Layer WS2","volume":"8","author":"Ovchinnikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.1021\/nn504481r","article-title":"Tin Disulfide\u2014An Emerging Layered Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductor: Materials Properties and Device Characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17109","article-title":"Ternary SnS2\u2013xSex Alloys Nanosheets and Nanosheet Assemblies with Tunable Chemical Compositions and Band Gaps for Photodetector Applications","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.7b00266","article-title":"Controlling Sulfur Vacancies in TiS2\u2013x Cathode Insertion Hosts via the Conversion of TiS3 Nanobelts for Energy-Storage Applications","volume":"1","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4251","article-title":"Flexible n-type thermoelectric materials by organic intercalation of layered transition metal dichalcogenide TiS2","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14203","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01676","article-title":"Recent advances in the carrier mobility of two-dimensional materials: A theoretical perspective","volume":"5","author":"Mir","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16020","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR04717J","article-title":"High and anisotropic carrier mobility in experimentally possible Ti2CO2 (MXene) monolayers and nanoribbons","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11446","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA04414J","article-title":"MXene: A promising photocatalyst for water splitting","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226419","article-title":"Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials","volume":"340","author":"Nicolosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC00140A","article-title":"Electronic properties and applications of MXenes: A theoretical review","volume":"5","author":"Khazaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1589","article-title":"The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets","volume":"5","author":"Chhowalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(13)70014-2","article-title":"Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals","volume":"15","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ab1e0a","article-title":"Production and processing of graphene and related materials","volume":"7","author":"Backes","year":"2020","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging 2D Layered Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"1902253","author":"Bati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031003","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/ab9eab","article-title":"Two-dimensional materials in perovskite solar cells","volume":"2","author":"Agresti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtener.2018.11.006","article-title":"Two-dimensional materials in perovskite solar cells","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00254E","article-title":"The charge carrier dynamics, efficiency and stability of two-dimensional material-based perovskite solar cells","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.05.015","article-title":"Restoration of the graphitic structure by defect repair during the thermal reduction of graphene oxide","volume":"166","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044004","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/2\/4\/044004","article-title":"2D crystals of transition metal dichalcogenide and their iontronic functionalities","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, October 06). Mxenes\u2014Wikipedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MXenes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201100304","article-title":"Graphene as transparent electrode material for organic electronics","volume":"23","author":"Pang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156965","article-title":"Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene","volume":"320","author":"Nair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elastic straining of free-standing monolayer graphene","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"70","article-title":"A Review on the Properties and Applications of Graphene","volume":"2","author":"Bharech","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc38950b","article-title":"The chemistry of pristine graphene","volume":"49","author":"Herranz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.02.034","article-title":"Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide","volume":"45","author":"Stankovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.05.033","article-title":"Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide","volume":"430","author":"Konios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.907","article-title":"Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications","volume":"2","author":"Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolobov, A.V., and Tominaga, J. (2016). Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31450-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17033","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.33","article-title":"2D transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"2","author":"Manzeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500064s","article-title":"Emerging Device Applications for semiconducting 2D TMDCs","volume":"8","author":"Jariwala","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.207","article-title":"Electronics based on two-dimensional materials","volume":"9","author":"Fiori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.282","article-title":"Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"10","author":"Mak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304138","article-title":"25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional Materials","volume":"26","author":"Naguib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16098","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.98","article-title":"2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage","volume":"2","author":"Anasori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.075411","article-title":"OH-terminated two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides as ultralow work function materials","volume":"92","author":"Khazaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201600357","article-title":"Highly Conductive Optical Quality Solution-Processed Films of 2D Titanium Carbide","volume":"26","author":"Dillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisquert, J. (2014). Nanostructured Energy Devices, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17613"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Slow Hot-Carrier Cooling in Halide Perovskites: Prospects for Hot-Carrier Solar Cells","volume":"1802486","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC04641G","article-title":"Hot carrier solar cells and the potential of perovskites for breaking the Shockley-Queisser limit","volume":"7","author":"Kahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14120","article-title":"Acoustic-optical phonon up-conversion and hot-phonon bottleneck in lead-halide perovskites","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2402899","article-title":"Ultrafast carrier thermalization in InN","volume":"89","author":"Wen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14350","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14350","article-title":"Slow cooling and highly efficient extraction of hot carriers in colloidal perovskite nanocrystals","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2009.11.029","article-title":"Energy selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells","volume":"94","author":"Shrestha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe, P., Catone, D., Paladini, A., Toschi, F., Turchini, S., Avaldi, L., Martelli, F., Agresti, A., Pescetelli, S., and Del Rio Castillo, A.E. (2019). Graphene-Induced Improvements of Perovskite Solar Cell Stability: Effects on Hot-Carriers. Nano Lett., 19.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03685"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14952","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b09353","article-title":"Ultrafast Broadband Charge Collection from Clean Graphene\/CH3NH3PbI3 Interface","volume":"140","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.1c00347","article-title":"Unravelling a Zigzag Pathway for Hot Carrier Collection with Graphene Electrode","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9958","article-title":"Highly efficient hot electron harvesting from graphene before electron-hole thermalization","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6503","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401685","article-title":"Solvent Annealing of Perovskite-Induced Crystal Growth for Photovoltaic-Device Efficiency Enhancement","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504144","article-title":"Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells with Different Grain Sizes","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b10723","article-title":"Relationships between Lead Halide Perovskite Thin-Film Fabrication, Morphology, and Performance in Solar Cells","volume":"138","author":"Sharenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400231","article-title":"Additive Enhanced Crystallization of Solution-Processed Perovskite for Highly Efficient Planar-Heterojunction Solar Cells","volume":"26","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8060","article-title":"A vacuum flash\u2014Assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802738","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201802738","article-title":"High Electrical Conductivity 2D MXene Serves as Additive of Perovskite for Efficient Solar Cells","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4014","article-title":"Il Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic\u2013organic hybrid perovskite solar cells","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12509","article-title":"Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition","volume":"501","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601307","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201601307","article-title":"Mixed Cation FAxPEA1\u2013xPbI3 with Enhanced Phase and Ambient Stability toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202000777","article-title":"Two-Step Thermal Annealing: An Effective Route for 15 % Efficient Quasi-2D Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"86","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2015.04.029","article-title":"Growth of large CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br) single crystals in solution","volume":"422","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2015.05.043","article-title":"Improving efficiency of planar hybrid CH3NH3PbI3\u2212xClx perovskite solar cells by isopropanol solvent treatment","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12340","article-title":"Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells","volume":"499","author":"Burschka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604758","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604758","article-title":"Dual-Source Precursor Approach for Highly Efficient Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703060","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703060","article-title":"Improvement and Regeneration of Perovskite Solar Cells via Methylamine Gas Post-Treatment","volume":"27","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400960","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201400960","article-title":"High-Performance Planar-Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Ternary Halide Large-Band-Gap Perovskites","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4906073","article-title":"Additive to regulate the perovskite crystal film growth in planar heterojunction solar cells","volume":"106","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03771-3","article-title":"Tuning the crystallization process of perovskite active layer using a functionalized graphene oxide for enhanced photovoltaic performance","volume":"31","author":"Gidey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.1c02012","article-title":"Incorporation of Two-Dimensional WSe 2 into MAPbI 3 Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Photovoltaics","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909028","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909028","article-title":"Nonlinear Work Function Tuning of Lead-Halide Perovskites by MXenes with Mixed Terminations","volume":"30","author":"Pecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.105771","article-title":"Transition metal carbides (MXenes) for efficient NiO-based inverted perovskite solar cells","volume":"82","author":"Saranin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20597","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA06035A","article-title":"Accelerating hole extraction by inserting 2D Ti3C2\u2014MXene interlayer to all inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0478-1","article-title":"Titanium-carbide MXenes for work function and interface engineering in perovskite solar cells","volume":"18","author":"Agresti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0529-5","article-title":"Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures","volume":"5","author":"Khenkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b01151","article-title":"Two-dimensional (2D) Material Interface Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Large-area Modules","volume":"4","author":"Agresti","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00672","article-title":"Graphene interface engineering for perovskite solar module: 12.6% Power Conversion Efficiency over 50 cm2 Active Area","volume":"2","author":"Agresti","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razza, S., Pescetelli, S., Agresti, A., and Carlo, A. (2021). Di Laser Processing Optimization for Large-Area Perovskite Solar Modules. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14041069"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22368","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02626","article-title":"Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"13","author":"Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12043","article-title":"Scalable Deposition Methods for Large-area Production of Perovskite Thin Films","volume":"2","author":"Swartwout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11063","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA02288G","article-title":"Recent progress in 2D\/quasi-2D layered metal halide perovskites for solar cells","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002966","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002966","article-title":"Defect Suppression in Oriented 2D Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency over 18% via Rerouting Crystallization Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE01833C","article-title":"Universal approach toward high-efficiency two-dimensional perovskite solar cells: Via a vertical-rotation process","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15684","article-title":"One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D\/3D interface engineering","volume":"8","author":"Grancini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100405","article-title":"A review on two-dimensional (2D) and 2D-3D multidimensional perovskite solar cells: Perovskites structures, stability, and photovoltaic performances","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12022","article-title":"Ruddlesden\u2013Popper perovskite for stable solar cells","volume":"1","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, M.A., Duong, T., Peng, J., Wu, Y., Shen, H., Walter, D., Nguyen, H.T., Mozaffari, N., Tabi, G.D., and Catchpole, K.R. (2021). Origin of Efficiency and Stability Enhancement in High-Performing Mixed Dimensional 2D-3D Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009164.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009164"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/19\/5843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:53Z","timestamp":1760166593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/19\/5843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14195843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14195843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}