{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:05:25Z","timestamp":1767902725072,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Subvention AGH UST","award":["No 16.16.210.476."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 16.16.210.476."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminum doped titania samples were synthesized as supports of copper oxide catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia. Samples were prepared by the sol-gel method with various ratios of aluminum to titanium. Their thermal stability was examined by TG\/DSC methods which revealed that precursors were decomposed at 450 \u00b0C. The XRD measurements showed that aluminum caused the diminishing of titania crystallites and was built into the anatase structure or formed an amorphous phase. The admixture of aluminum in titania resulted in a significant increase in specific surface area of mesoporous supports as determined by low temperature sorption of nitrogen. Results of the catalytic tests over copper\/aluminum-titania samples obtained by impregnation pointed out that the addition of aluminum broadened the temperature window of high catalytic activity. The increase in Al concentration shifted the temperature of maximum activity to higher values, and at the same time lowered nitrous oxide formation as well. Better catalytic efficiency could result from high copper dispersion on the catalysts surface, as well as the synergistic interaction between Ti and Cu causing reduction in CuO species as confirmed by XPS measurements. It was shown that copper was present as Cu+ species mainly, forming Cu-O-Ti bonds on the catalysts surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14206021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:36:15Z","timestamp":1634160975000},"page":"6021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aluminum Doped Titania as a Support of Copper Catalysts for SCR of Nitrogen Oxides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Guziewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bia\u0142as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogna D.","family":"Napruszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Zimowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Gurgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10916","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00202","article-title":"Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 by Using Novel Catalysts: State of the Art and Future Prospects","volume":"119","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.08.021","article-title":"Promotional synergistic effect of Cu and Nb doping on a novel Cu\/Ti-Nb ternary oxide catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-3373(00)00180-6","article-title":"Alumina- and titania-based monolithic catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides","volume":"28","author":"Blanco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2004.10.019","article-title":"N2O formation in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature on CuO-supported monolithic catalysts","volume":"229","author":"Yates","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-004-8679-9","article-title":"Bulk and surface properties of dispersed CuO phases in relation with activity of NOx reduction","volume":"98","author":"Bennici","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740210302","article-title":"Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. V. Data for 14 organic compounds over the 50\u20132000 eV range","volume":"21","author":"Tanuma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202000274","article-title":"Titania Morphology-Dependent Catalysis of CuOx\/TiO2 Catalysts in CO Oxidation and Water Gas Shift Reactions","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.6239","article-title":"Advanced analysis of copper X-ray photoelectron spectra","volume":"49","author":"Biesinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.09.040","article-title":"Spray pyrolytic deposition of transparent aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films","volume":"258","author":"Dhonge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1998.2094","article-title":"Nature of copper active sites in the carbon monoxide oxidation on CuAl2O4 and CuCr2O4 spinel type catalysts","volume":"177","author":"Severino","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.03.314","article-title":"Facile fabrication of spinel structured n-type CuAl 2 O 4 thin film with nano-grass like morphology by sputtering technique","volume":"483","author":"Ponmudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.05.148","article-title":"Optical properties of amorphous Al2O3 thin films prepared by a sol-gel process","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4332(94)00545-1","article-title":"Surface characterisation of plasma-nitrided titanium: An XPS study","volume":"84","author":"Mohai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.06.012","article-title":"Self-consistent modelling of X-ray photoelectron spectra from air-exposed polycrystalline TiN thin films","volume":"387","author":"Greczynski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(99)00300-4","article-title":"XPS and SIMS characterization","volume":"56","author":"Bukhtiyarov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elspec.2012.10.011","article-title":"A complete and self-consistent evaluation of XPS spectra of TiN","volume":"185","author":"Jaeger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electron Spectros. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.07.086","article-title":"Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn","volume":"257","author":"Biesinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2014.11.018","article-title":"Role of materials chemistry on the electrical\/electronic properties of CuO thin films","volume":"85","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15260","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201509115","article-title":"TiO2\/Cu2O Core\/Ultrathin Shell Nanorods as Efficient and Stable Photocatalysts for Water Reduction","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bia\u0142as, A., Ruga\u0142a, K., Czosnek, C., Mordarski, G., and Gurgul, J. (2020). Copper aluminum spinels doped with cerium as catalysts for NO removal. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10121388"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11322","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.38.11322","article-title":"Electronic structure of Cu2O and CuO","volume":"38","author":"Ghijsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, September 10). NIST XPS Database, Available online: https:\/\/srdata.nist.gov\/xps."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/20\/6021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:12:27Z","timestamp":1760166747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/20\/6021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14206021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14206021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}}}