{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:18:15Z","timestamp":1790720295840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of different placing methods of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) mix\u2014from the top and from the bottom of the form\u2014on the bond failure mechanism was investigated within the scope of this paper. Existing studies regarding the known mechanisms of bond failure do not consider the bottom-up method of concrete placing, which improves the quality of the concrete microstructure around reinforcing bars. Background tests were performed on panel elements with dimensions of 800 \u00d7 480 \u00d7 160 mm. Ribbed steel reinforcing bars with a diameter of 16 mm were used in the tests, which were placed horizontally in the forms. A pull-out method was used to investigate the bond strength. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used as a novel and non-destructive technique that allowed a 3D insight into the bond between the rebar and the concrete after the ultimate bond stress had been reached. The results provided a clear description of the phenomena occurring during the fresh state of concrete in the vicinity of rebars (bleeding, plastic settlement, vertical density variation) and showed their significance for bond mechanisms. Finally, it was demonstrated that placing the mix from the bottom of the form resulted in the same bond failure mechanism for both bars located at the top and the bottom of the panel elements. This was translated into identical bond properties throughout the element with regard to bond stiffness and bond strength. It was found that the described and known mechanisms of bond failure are only an idealized description of the performance of the reinforcing bar-concrete joint. The analysis of the steel\u2013concrete interface (SCI) imaging indicated that, in reality, the forming bond failure mechanisms were a complex process that could be affected by many factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1634765386000},"page":"6236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["X-ray CT Investigation of Bond Mechanism in Reinforced SCC Elements of Different Placement Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Dybe\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"De Schutter, G., Bartos, P.J.M., and Domone, P. 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