{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:42:42Z","timestamp":1791222162687,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the work was to obtain composites based on bionanocellulose (BNC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for specific biomedical and cosmetic applications and to determine how the method and conditions of their preparation affect their utility properties. Three different ways of manufacturing these composites (in-situ method and ex-situ methods combined with sterilization or impregnation) were presented. The structure and morphology of BNC\/PVA composites were studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and scanning microscopy (SEM, AFM). Surface properties were tested by contact angle measurements. The degree of crystallinity of the BNC fibrils was determined by means of the XRD method. The mechanical properties of the BNC\/PVA films were examined using tensile tests and via the determination of their bursting strength. The water uptake of the obtained materials was determined through the gravimetric method. The results showed that PVA added to the nutrient medium caused an increase in biosynthesis yield. Moreover, an increase in base weight was observed in composites of all types due to the presence of PVA. The ex-situ composites revealed excellent water absorption capacity. The in-situ composites appeared to be the most durable and elastic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"6340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bionanocellulose\/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Composites Produced by In-Situ Method and Ex-Situ\/Impregnation or Sterilization Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aldona","family":"D\u0142uga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowil Biotech Sp. z.o.o., 7 Skandynawska St., 84-120 W\u0142adys\u0142awowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0110-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kowalonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8708-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, O.J. 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