{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T16:56:57Z","timestamp":1792342617465,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project No. 21-79-30004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project No. 21-79-30004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change and the potential depletion of fossil fuels have increased international demand for alternative and renewable energy sources. In terms of the energy sector, for example, most of the South-East Asian countries (SACs) have a large number of biomass sources due to their vast forest resources and agriculture-based economies. Thus, the critical review was aimed at highlighting the overview of biomass energy in South-East Asia as a dynamically developing region, in order to obtain economic and environmental benefits from the existing sources of biomass in the world. The current review analyzed the sources of biomass, as well as their energy potential, use, and management, based on reports from different countries, published studies, and scientific articles. In SAC, the main sources of biomass were found to be coconut residues, oil palm residues, sugar cane residues, rice straw, rice husks, wood waste, and firewood. The combined annual biomass potentials in the forestry and agricultural sectors in South-East Asia were approximately over 500 million tons per year and more than 8 gigajoule of total energy potentials. The study identified the challenges and barriers to using biomass in these countries to achieve sustainable use of biomass sources and recommended sustainable approaches to using biomass energy by comparing traditional uses of biomass. Smart grid technologies have ways for solutions for better electric power production and efficient ways for distribution and transmission of electricity. Smart grids require less space and can be more easily installed when compared to traditional grids because of their versatilities. Upcoming challenges include technology optimization for the following uses of biomass energy: direct combustion of woody biomass; pyrolysis and gasification of biomass; anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce biogas; landfill gas production direct incineration of organic waste. The barriers in this technology are emissions of carbon and nitrogen oxides, unpleasant odors, as well as the uncontrolled harvesting of biomass, which can harm nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1635465096000},"page":"6482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Utilization of Biomass to Ash: An Overview of the Potential Resources for Alternative Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natt","family":"Makul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Fediuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugahed","family":"Amran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Akwaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sana\u2019a University, Sana\u2019a 9671, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Pralat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, I. \u0141ukasiewicza 17, 09-400 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Nemova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Petropavlovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), 129337 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Novichenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tver State Technical University, 170026 Tver, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Petropavlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tver State Technical University, 170026 Tver, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Sulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tver State Technical University, 170026 Tver, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bhatt, G., and Affljulla, S. 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