{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:39:32Z","timestamp":1775021972518,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1937204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1937204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51905124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51905124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIT. NSRIF. 2020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT. NSRIF. 2020003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021T140153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021T140153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TC31 is a new type of \u03b1+\u03b2 dual phase high temperature titanium alloy, which has a high specific strength and creep resistance at temperatures from 650 \u00b0C to 700 \u00b0C. It has become one of the competitive candidates for the skin and air inlet components of hypersonic aircraft. However, it is very difficult to obtain the best forming windows for TC31 and to form the corresponding complex thin-walled components. In this paper, high temperature tensile tests were carried out at temperatures ranging from 850 \u00b0C to 1000 \u00b0C and strain rates ranging from 0.001 s\u22121 to 0.1 s\u22121, and the microstructures before and after deformation were characterized by an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electron back-scatter diffraction. The dynamic softening and hardening behaviors and the corresponding micro-mechanisms of a TC31 titanium alloy sheet within hot deformation were systematically studied. The effects of deformation temperature, strain rate, and strain on microstructure evolution were revealed. The results show that the dynamic softening and hardening of the material depended on the deformation temperature and strain rate, and changed dynamically with the strain. Obvious softening occurred during hot tensile deformation at a temperature of 850 \u00b0C and a strain rate of 0.001 s\u22121~0.1 s\u22121, which was mainly caused by void damage, deformation heat, and dynamic recrystallization. Quasi-steady flowing was observed when it was deformed at a temperature of 950 \u00b0C~1000 \u00b0C and a strain rate of 0.001 s\u22121~0.01 s\u22121 due to the relative balance between the dynamic softening and hardening. Dynamic hardening occurred slightly with a strain rate of 0.001 s\u22121. Mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization transformed from continuous dynamic recrystallization to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization with the increase in strain when it was deformed at a temperature of 950 \u00b0C and a strain rate of 0.01 s\u22121. The grain size also decreased gradually due to the dynamic recrystallization, which provided an optimal forming condition for manufacturing thin-walled components with the desired microstructure and an excellent performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1635805344000},"page":"6515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dynamic Softening and Hardening Behavior and the Micro-Mechanism of a TC31 High Temperature Titanium Alloy Sheet within Hot Deformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kexin","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Institute of High Pressure Fluid Forming, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Institute of High Pressure Fluid Forming, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108948","article-title":"Enhanced formability and forming efficiency for two-phase titanium alloys by Fast light Alloys Stamping Technology (FAST)","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. 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