{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:27:01Z","timestamp":1781584021298,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H02442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H02442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors aimed to impart the apatite-forming ability to 50 wt% carbon fiber-polyetheretherketone composite (50C-PEEK), which has more suitable mechanical properties as artificial bone materials than pure PEEK. First, the 50C-PEEK was treated with sulfuric acid in a short time to form pores on the surface. Second, the surface of the 50C-PEEK was treated with oxygen plasma to improve the hydrophilicity. Finally, fine particles of calcium phosphate, which the authors refer to as \u201capatite nuclei\u201d, were precipitated on the surface of the 50C-PEEK by soaking in an aqueous solution containing multiple inorganic ions such as phosphate and calcium (modified-SBF) at pH 8.20, 25 \u00b0C. The 50C-PEEK without the modified-SBF treatment did not show the formation of apatitic phase even after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. The 50C-PEEK treated with the modified-SBF showed the formation of apatitic phase on the entire surface within 1 day in the SBF. The apatite nuclei-precipitated 50C-PEEK will be expected as a new artificial bone material with high bioactivity that is obtained without complicated fabrication processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:41:14Z","timestamp":1636317674000},"page":"6691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Surface Modification of Carbon Fiber-Polyetheretherketone Composite to Impart Bioactivity by Using Apatite Nuclei"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuya","family":"Yamane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yabutsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Takaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Ishizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeomi","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Fujibayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90042-D","article-title":"Young\u2019s modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: Ultrasonic and microtensile measurements","volume":"26","author":"Rho","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants\u2014A review","volume":"54","author":"Geetha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-002-0109-2","article-title":"Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications","volume":"33","author":"Niinomi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3372-y","article-title":"Experiment study on fracture fixation with low rigidity titanium alloy: Plate fixation of tibia fracture model in rabbit","volume":"19","author":"Sumitomo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.013","article-title":"PEEK Biomaterials in Trauma, Orthopedic, and Spinal Implants","volume":"28","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, October 22). TECAPEEK\u00ae CM XP111 BLACK, Ensinger Special Polymers. Available online: https:\/\/www.ensingerspi.com\/compound.cfm?page=compound&compound=XP-111."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, October 22). Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials Ketron\u00ae 1000 PEEK, Extruded Unfilled Polyetherether Ketone (ASTM Product Data Sheet). Available online: http:\/\/qepp.matweb.com\/search\/DataSheet.aspx?Bassnum=P1SM12A."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020399","article-title":"Calcium Orthophosphates: Applications in Nature, Biology and Medicine","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270805","article-title":"Apatite formation on three kinds of bioactive material at an early stage in vivo: A comparative study by transmission electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Neo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15045426","article-title":"Current strategies to improve the bioactivity of PEEK","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5359-1","article-title":"Apatite-forming PEEK with TiO2 surface layer coating","volume":"26","author":"Kizuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.02.007","article-title":"Bioactivity of sol-gel-derived TiO2 coating on polyetheretherketone: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"35","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.071","article-title":"Cytocompatibility, osseointegration, and bioactivity of three-dimensional porous and nanostructured network on polyetheretherketone","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.058","article-title":"Bioactive carbon\u2013PEEK composites prepared by chemical surface treatment","volume":"70","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100333","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202100333","article-title":"Dynamic Mineralization: Low-Temperature, Rapid, and Multidirectional Process to Encapsulate Polyether-Ether-Ketone with Carbonate-Rich Hydroxyapatite for Osseointegration","volume":"8","author":"Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interface"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prochor, P., and Mierzejewska, Z.A. (2021). Bioactivity of PEEK GRF30 and Ti6Al4V SLM in Simulated Body Fluid and Hank\u2019s Balanced Salt Solution. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14082059"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"ISO (2014). Implants for Surgery: In Vitro Evaluation for Apatite-Forming Ability of Implant Materials (ISO 23317:2014, IDT), International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yao, T., Hibino, M., Yamaguchi, S., and Okada, H. (2012). Method for Stabilizing Calcium Phosphate Fine Particles, Process for Production of Calcium Phosphate Fine Particles by Utilizing the Method, and Use Thereof. (8,178,066), U.S. Patent, Japanese Patent, 5,261,712, 10 May 2013."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Yao, T., Hibino, M., and Yabutsuka, T. (2013). Method for Producing Bioactive Composites. (8,512,732), U.S. Patent, Japanese Patent, 5,252,399, 26 April 2013."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.07.017","article-title":"Effect of pores formation process and oxygen plasma treatment to hydroxyapatite formation on bioactive PEEK prepared by incorporation of precursor of apatite","volume":"81","author":"Yabutsuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34025","article-title":"Fabrication of bioactive fiber-reinforced PEEK and MXD6 by incorporation of precursor of apatite","volume":"106","author":"Yabutsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishizaki, C., Yabutsuka, T., and Takai, S. (2020). Development of Apatite Nuclei Precipitated Carbon Nanotube-Polyether Ether Ketone Composite with Biological and Electrical Properties. Coating, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10020191"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.041","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro bioactivity of a \u2018\u2018precursor of apatite\u201d treatment on polyetheretherketone","volume":"91","author":"Masamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamin, H., Yabutsuka, T., Takai, S., and Sakaguchi, H. (2020). Role of Magnesium and the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Hydroxyapatite-Forming Ability of Zirconia Induced by Biomimetic Aqueous Solution Treatment. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143045"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2020.0051","article-title":"Development of Bioactive Zirconium-Tin Alloy by Combination of Pores Formation and Apatite Nuclei Deposition","volume":"14","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.12.047","article-title":"The use of physiological solutions or media in calcium phosphate synthesis and processing","volume":"10","author":"Tas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1021\/j100615a007","article-title":"Growth of Growth of calcium phosphate on hydroxyapatite crystals. Effect of supersaturation and ionic medium","volume":"78","author":"Nancollas","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Solomons, T.W.G., and Fryhle, C.B. (2000). Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Organic Chemistry, Wiley. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-7496(96)89798-3","article-title":"Plasma-treatment of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for adhesive bonding","volume":"16","author":"Comyn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhe. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50320a024","article-title":"Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water","volume":"28","author":"Wenzel","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/21\/6691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:26:49Z","timestamp":1760167609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/21\/6691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14216691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14216691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]}}}