{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T14:39:10Z","timestamp":1794580750069,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C101108011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C101108011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A3074134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A3074134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["0000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of novel anode materials for high energy density is required. Alloying Si with other metals is a promising approach to utilize the high capacity of Si. In this work, we optimized the composition of a Si\u2013Ti\u2013Al ternary alloy to achieve excellent electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, cyclability, and rate capability. The detailed internal structures of the alloys were characterized through their atomic compositions and diffraction patterns. The lithiation process of the alloy was monitored using real-time scanning electron microscopy, revealing that the mechanical stability of the optimized alloy was strongly enhanced compared to that of the pure silicon material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14226912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"6912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal Synthesis and Application of a Si\u2013Ti\u2013Al Ternary Alloy as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jaehan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl Zeiss, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3220-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Do-Yoen Energy, Seoul 04797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee-Woon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials and Energy Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung SDI America, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Wook","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Do-Yoen Energy, Seoul 04797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ju","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hyun","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials and Energy Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.11.013","article-title":"Silicon based lithium-ion battery anodes: A chronicle perspective review","volume":"31","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11444","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500207g","article-title":"Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"114","author":"Obrovac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201502959","article-title":"Nanostructured Silicon Anodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"26","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201202512","article-title":"Graphene-Bonded and -Encapsulated Si Nanoparticles for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203817r","article-title":"Electrospun Core\u2013Shell Fibers for Robust Silicon Nanoparticle-Based Lithium Ion Battery Anodes","volume":"12","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2017167","article-title":"Prelithiated Silicon Nanowires as an Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.05.059","article-title":"Surface-modified silicon nanowire anodes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"196","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.12.075","article-title":"Silicon nanowires coated with copper layer as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.01.015","article-title":"Silicon nanotube anode for lithium-ion bat-teries","volume":"29","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100086e","article-title":"Arrays of Sealed Silicon Nanotubes As Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.35","article-title":"Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid\u2013electrolyte interphase control","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703361","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703361","article-title":"Scalable 2D mesoporous silicon nanosheets for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr05354g","article-title":"Scalable synthesis of silicon nanosheets from sand as an anode for Li-ion batteries","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A851","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2977971","article-title":"Al\u2013Si Thin-Film Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"155","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA13745A","article-title":"In situ formation of alumi-num-silicon-lithium active materials in aluminum matrices for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.06.071","article-title":"Graphene quantum dots modified nanoporous SiAl composite as an advanced anode for lithium storage","volume":"318","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC09956G","article-title":"A high-performance nanoporous Si\/Al2O3 foam lithium-ion battery anode fabricated by selective chemical etching of the Al\u2013Si alloy and subsequent thermal oxidation","volume":"51","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.02.010","article-title":"Carbon-shell-constrained silicon cluster derived from Al-Si alloy as long-cycling life lithium ion batteries anode","volume":"381","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.05.087","article-title":"Nanocrystalline silicon embedded in an alloy matrix as an anode material for high energy density lithium-ion batteries","volume":"395","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A151","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2409860","article-title":"Method to predict phase formation and specific capacity for lithium in codeposited sili-con-transition metal thin films","volume":"154","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.04.102","article-title":"Electrochemical characterization of Ti\u2013Si and Ti\u2013Si\u2013Al alloy anodes for Li-ion batteries produced by mechanical ball milling","volume":"472","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.11.016","article-title":"Titanium Silicide Coated Porous Silicon Nanospheres as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"151","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.06.199","article-title":"Study on Si\u2013Ti alloy dispersed in a glassy matrix as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"506","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.11.379","article-title":"Silicon-titanium nanocomposite synthesized via the direct electrolysis of SiO2\/TiO2 precursor in molten salt and their performance as the anode material for lithium ion batteries","volume":"781","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1802051","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201802051","article-title":"Leveraging Titanium to Enable Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1216","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1768544","article-title":"Combinatorial Investigations of the Si-Al-Mn System for Li-Ion Battery Applications","volume":"151","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1201","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2194628","article-title":"Simple model for the capacity of amorphous silicon-aluminium-transition metal negative electrode materials","volume":"153","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A229","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1051501jes","article-title":"A Combinatorial Investigation of Fe-Si-Zn Thin Film Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"162","author":"MacEachern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE00023A","article-title":"Micron-sized Fe\u2013Cu\u2013Si ternary composite anodes for high energy Li-ion batteries","volume":"9","author":"Chae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17406","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b21997","article-title":"Pragmatic Approach to Design Silicon Alloy Anode by the Equilibrium Method","volume":"12","author":"Umirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A751","DOI":"10.1149\/2.009306jes","article-title":"Implementation and Characterization of Silicon Anode with Metal Alloy Inactive Matrix for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries","volume":"160","author":"Suh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.02.185","article-title":"Electrochemical performance of melt-spinning Al-Mg-Sn based anode alloys","volume":"42","author":"Jingling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2017.08.008","article-title":"Enhanced capacity of SnCoC anode by melt spinning and ball milling for Li-ion battery","volume":"13","author":"Srinivas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1179\/026708300101507956","article-title":"Calculated ternary diagram of Ti\u2013Al\u2013Si system","volume":"16","author":"Azevedo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.33961\/JECST.2018.9.1.51","article-title":"Fundamental Approach to Capacity Prediction of Si-Alloys as Anode Material for Li-ion Batteries","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/nl903345f","article-title":"Si\/TiSi2 Heteronanostructures as High-Capacity Anode Material for Li Ion Batteries","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/6912\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:58Z","timestamp":1760167858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/6912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14226912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14226912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}}}