{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:21:06Z","timestamp":1784132466264,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The effect of glazing on the mechanical properties of monolithic high translucent zirconia is not well reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glazing on the flexural strength of high translucent zirconia; (2) Methods: Ninety specimens were prepared from second-generation 3Y-TZP high translucent blocks and divided into three groups. Glaze materials were applied on one surface of the specimen and subjected to a four-point bending test and flexural stress and flexural displacement values were derived. Descriptive fractographic analysis of surfaces was conducted to observe the point of failure and fracture pattern.; (3) Results: Control-nonglazed (647.17, 1\u03c3 = 74.71 MPa) presented higher flexural strength values compared to glaze I (541.20, 1\u03c3 = 82.91 MPa) and glaze II (581.10, 1\u03c3 = 59.41 MPa). Characteristic strength (\u03c3\u019f) from Weibull analysis also observed higher (660.67 MPa) values for the control specimens. Confocal microscopy revealed that glazed surfaces were much rougher than control surfaces. Descriptive fractographic analysis revealed that there was no correlation between the point of failure initiation and flexural strength; (4) Conclusions: The test results demonstrated that glazing significantly decreased the flexural strength and flexural displacement of the zirconia specimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14227022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T08:29:17Z","timestamp":1637310557000},"page":"7022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of Two Brands of Glaze Material on the Flexural Strength and Probability of Failure of High Translucent Monolithic Zirconia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Raj Gaurav","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl Michael","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8889-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Neil","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19194","DOI":"10.1039\/C6DT03484E","article-title":"Zirconia based dental ceramics: Structure, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and applications","volume":"45","author":"Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.09.001","article-title":"Current status of zirconia restoration","volume":"57","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"641","article-title":"Clinical trials in zirconia: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Lyons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374920060011301","article-title":"Biodegradation of restorative metallic systems","volume":"6","author":"Lucas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.12.016","article-title":"Unstable cracking (chipping) of veneering porcelain on all-ceramic dental crowns and fixed partial dentures","volume":"5","author":"Swain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"575","article-title":"An in vitro evaluation of titanium, zirconia, and alumina procera abutments with hexagonal connection","volume":"21","author":"Vigolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.01.006","article-title":"SEM observations of porcelain Y-TZP interface","volume":"25","author":"Tholey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0058","article-title":"Dental ceramics: A review of new materials and processing methods","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2014.02.001","article-title":"Polishing for glass ceramics: Which protocol?","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"62","article-title":"A review on translucent zirconia","volume":"26","author":"Ghodsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.11.040","article-title":"Comparison of four monolithic zirconia materials with conventional ones: Contrast ratio, grain size, four-point flexural strength and two-body wear","volume":"59","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"369","article-title":"Three generations of zirconia: From veneered to monolithic. Part I","volume":"48","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"441","article-title":"Three generations of zirconia: From veneered to monolithic. Part II","volume":"48","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.08.375","article-title":"Making yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia translucent","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.09.025","article-title":"Strength, toughness and aging stability of highly-translucent Y-TZP ceramics for dental restorations","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517737483","article-title":"Novel zirconia materials in dentistry","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"28","article-title":"Zirconia use in dentistry\u2014Manufacturing and properties","volume":"45","author":"Nistor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/23337931.2015.1102639","article-title":"Translucency of monolithic and core zirconia after hydrothermal aging","volume":"1","author":"Fathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.03.008","article-title":"Intraoral low-temperature degradation of monolithic zirconia dental prostheses: Results of a prospective clinical study with ex vivo monitoring","volume":"37","author":"Koenig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.08.004","article-title":"Comparison of the mechanical properties of translucent zirconia and lithium disilicate","volume":"120","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103579","article-title":"Three-body wear effect on different CAD\/CAM ceramics staining durability","volume":"103","author":"Tribst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(13)60005-0","article-title":"The wear of polished and glazed zirconia against enamel","volume":"109","author":"Janyavula","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.696690","article-title":"Influence of surface treatment on the wear of solid zirconia","volume":"71","author":"Kontos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kuretzky, T., Urban, M., Dittmann, R., Peez, R., and Mecher, E. (2011, January 14\u201319). Wear behaviour of zirconia compared to state-of-the-art ceramics. Proceedings of the International Association of Dental Research (IADR) 89th General Session and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.08.117","article-title":"Effect of extrinsic pigmentation and surface treatments on biaxial flexure strength after cyclic loading of a translucent ZrO2 ceramic","volume":"35","author":"Bittar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2013.5.3.296","article-title":"Effect of polishing and glazing on the color and spectral distribution of monolithic zirconia","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"138","article-title":"Impact of surface finishes on the flexural strength and fracture toughness of In-Ceram Zirconia","volume":"60","author":"Manawi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:6<791::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on microcrack healing behavior of a machinable dental ceramic","volume":"48","author":"Denry","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(92)90084-P","article-title":"The effect of glaze on porcelain strength","volume":"8","author":"Fairhurst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345960750061301","article-title":"Effects of flaw size and auto-glaze treatment on porcelain strength","volume":"75","author":"Griggs","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8793481","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8793481","article-title":"Effect of glazing on flexural strength of full-contour zirconia","volume":"2018","author":"Kumchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"133","article-title":"The effect of glazing on the biaxial flexural strength of different zirconia core materials","volume":"24","author":"Yener","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1653","article-title":"Flexural strength of monolithic zirconia after different surface treatments","volume":"10","author":"Asli","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"ZC20","article-title":"An in vitro comparative evaluation of flexural strength of monolithic zirconia after surface alteration utilising two different techniques","volume":"11","author":"Chougule","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2008.01.017","article-title":"Flexural strength of veneering ceramics for zirconia","volume":"36","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.09.236","article-title":"Room- and high-temperature flexural strength of a stable solid oxide fuel\/electrolysis cell sealing material","volume":"45","author":"Kokabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.09.006","article-title":"A practical and systematic review of Weibull statistics for reporting strengths of dental materials","volume":"26","author":"Quinn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.06.012","article-title":"The use of confocal microscopy to assess surface roughness of two milled CAD\u2013CAM ceramics following two polishing techniques","volume":"23","author":"Bubb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1166\/jamr.2012.1117","article-title":"Comparing glazed and polished ceramic surfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Microsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Quinn, G.D. (2007). Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Anusavice, K.J., Shen, C., and Rawls, H.R. (2013). Phillips\u2019 Science of Dental Materials, Phillips\u2019 Science of Dental Materials, Elsevier (Singapore) PTE Limited."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.022","article-title":"Low-fusing porcelain glaze application does not damage the fatigue strength of Y-TZP","volume":"99","author":"Zucuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-010-9042-y","article-title":"The effect of heat treatment and feldspathic glazing on some mechanical properties of zirconia","volume":"2","author":"Hjerppe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2018). ASTM C1161-18, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200438","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0438","article-title":"Effect of glazing application side and mechanical cycling on the biaxial flexural strength and Weibull characteristics of a Y-TZP ceramic","volume":"28","author":"Lobo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(01)00038-0","article-title":"Sintering of dental porcelain: Effect of time and temperature on appearance and porosity","volume":"18","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00050","DOI":"10.15406\/jdhodt.2015.02.00050","article-title":"Comparison of Surface Roughness of Ceramics after Polishing with Different Intraoral Polishing Systems using Profilometer and SEM","volume":"2","author":"Alhabdan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Health Oral Disord. Ther."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/7022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:32:49Z","timestamp":1760167969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/7022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14227022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14227022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]}}}