{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:31:24Z","timestamp":1793741484896,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0064\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0064\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to extreme working conditions of mining conveyors, which contaminate gear oil with solid particles, their transmissions are exposed to intensive abrasion, scuffing, and even rolling contact fatigue (pitting). These effects shorten gear life. To prevent their occurrence, a wear-resistant coating can be deposited on gear teeth. The resistance to abrasive wear, scuffing, and pitting was investigated and reported in the article. Simple, model specimens were used. Abrasive wear and scuffing were tested using a pin-and-vee-block tribosystem in sliding contact. A cone\u2013three-ball rolling tribosystem was employed to test pitting. The material of the test specimens (pins, vee blocks, cones) was 18CrNiMo7-6 case-hardened steel. Two types of DLC (Diamond-like Coatings) coatings were tested, W-DLC and W-DLC\/CrN. The vee blocks and cones were coated. Two industrial gear oils were selected to lubricate the specimens: one with a mineral and one with a synthetic PAO (polyalphaolephine) base, as pure oil or contaminated with solid particles from a coal mine. The results show that, to minimize the tendency to abrasion, scuffing, and pitting of specimens made of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel, the W-DLC\/CrN coating should be deposited. This coating also gives very good protection when the lubricating oil is contaminated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14227086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T05:02:36Z","timestamp":1638334956000},"page":"7086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Abrasive Wear, Scuffing and Rolling Contact Fatigue of DLC-Coated 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel Lubricated by a Pure and Contaminated Gear Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Tuszy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (L-ITEE), ul. Pu\u0142askiego 6\/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Michalczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (L-ITEE), ul. Pu\u0142askiego 6\/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Osuch-S\u0142omka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (L-ITEE), ul. Pu\u0142askiego 6\/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Snarski-Adamski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (L-ITEE), ul. Pu\u0142askiego 6\/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Kalbarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tribology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (L-ITEE), ul. Pu\u0142askiego 6\/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pu\u0142aski University of Technology and Humanities, ul. Stasieckiego 54, 26-612 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej N.","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"N\u0119dza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patentus SA, ul. G\u00f3rno\u015bl\u0105ska 11, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"358","article-title":"The effect of WC\/C coating on the wear of bevel gears used in coal mines","volume":"21","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. (Med\u017eiagotyra)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2005.02.028","article-title":"The tribological performance of DLC-coated gears lubricated with biodegradable oil in various pinion\/gear material combinations","volume":"259","author":"Kalin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2006.02.065","article-title":"MoS2\/Ti antifriction coating for gears","volume":"39","author":"Martins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.604.36","article-title":"The scuffing resistance of WC\/C coated spiral bevel gears","volume":"604","author":"Michalczewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2015.04.019","article-title":"The influence of carbon based coatings and surface finish on the tribological performance in high-load contacts","volume":"96","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2015.12.046","article-title":"Transient thermal elastohydrodynamic simulation of a DLC coated helical gear pair considering limiting shear stress behavior of the lubricant","volume":"97","author":"Beilicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.03.014","article-title":"Tribological evaluation of a coated spur gear pair","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-009-1171-0","article-title":"Surface durability of WC\/C-coated case-hardened steel gear","volume":"24","author":"Fujii","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"850","article-title":"The rolling contact fatigue of WC\/C-coated spur gears","volume":"227","author":"Michalczewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.527.77","article-title":"The rolling contact fatigue of PVD coated spur gears","volume":"527","author":"Michalczewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2017.02.029","article-title":"Investigation of lubricated rolling sliding behaviour of WC\/C, WC\/C-CrN, DLC based coatings and plasma nitriding of steel for possible use in worm gearing","volume":"378","author":"Benedetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.02.008","article-title":"Fatigue resistant carbon coatings for rolling\/sliding contacts","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Szczerek, M., Michalczewski, R., Piekoszewski, W., Tuszynski, W., and Wieczorek, A. (2019, January 12\u201314). Surface fatigue of an engineering material covered with DLC coating, tested using a specially developed tribological method. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Tribology ECOTRIB 2019, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2012.02.025","article-title":"Effect of as-ground surface and the BALINIT C and Nb-S coatings on contact fatigue damage in gears","volume":"51","author":"Moorthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2007.05.008","article-title":"Influence of low friction coatings on the scuffing load capacity and efficiency of gears","volume":"41","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2008.05.001","article-title":"The lubricant-coating interaction in rolling and sliding contacts","volume":"42","author":"Michalczewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(03)00467-5","article-title":"Material removal on lubricated steel gears with W-DLC-coated surfaces","volume":"173","author":"Mercer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(99)00437-5","article-title":"Performance of a rotating gear pair coated with an amorphous carbon film under a loss-of-lubrication condition","volume":"120","author":"Murakawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2008.04.051","article-title":"Behaviour of boundary lubricating additives on DLC coatings","volume":"265","author":"Lockwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2011.03.006","article-title":"Friction properties of DLC\/DLC contacts in base oil","volume":"44","author":"Vengudusamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2008.06.011","article-title":"Effect of oil additives on the durability of hydrogenated DLC coating under boundary lubrication conditions","volume":"266","author":"Haque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(84)90019-X","article-title":"A review of scuffing and running in of lubricated surfaces with asperities and oxides in perspective","volume":"100","author":"Ludema","year":"1984","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/10402009608983550","article-title":"Infrared and visual study of the mechanisms of scuffing","volume":"39","author":"Enthoven","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Berg, S., and Byheden, A. (2002, January 15\u201317). A wear investigation in the FZG Spur Gear Rig with particular matter contaminated oils. Proceedings of the 13 International Colloquium Tribology, Ostfildern\/Nellingen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2009.12.058","article-title":"Wear properties of DLC-coated steel rollers running with highly contaminated lubrication","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Michalczewski, R., Szczerek, M., Michalak, M., Maldonado Cort\u00e9s, D., and Salinas Ruiz, V.R. (2016, January 7\u20138). The reduction of the negative actions of oil contaminations on scuffing by antiwear DLC coatings. Proceedings of the Lubmat\u201916 \u201cLubrication, Maintenance and Tribology\u201d Conference, Bilbao, Spain."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/10402009808983753","article-title":"Development of a gear oil scuff test (GOST) procedure to predict adhesive wear resistance of turbine engine lubricants","volume":"41","author":"Lacey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/10402009908982191","article-title":"Substitution of inexpensive bench tests for the FZG scuffing test\u2014Part I: Calculations","volume":"42","author":"Willen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10402009908982192","article-title":"Substitution of inexpensive bench tests for the FZG scuffing test\u2014Part II: Oil tests","volume":"42","author":"Willen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/tt.3020060106","article-title":"A laboratory technique for the evaluation of automotive gear oils of API GL-4 level","volume":"6","author":"Bisht","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tribotest J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2012.10.003","article-title":"A study on the possibility of the Brugger test application for differentiation between the API-GL performance levels of gear oils","volume":"13","author":"Trzos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(96)07479-0","article-title":"An analysis of the effect of hard coatings on near-surface rolling contact fatigue initiation induced by surface roughness","volume":"208","author":"Polonsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(97)00256-1","article-title":"A study of rolling-contact fatigue of bearing steel coated with physical vapor deposition TiN films: Coating response to cyclic contact stress and physical mechanisms underlying coating effect on the fatigue life","volume":"215","author":"Polonsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(98)00466-6","article-title":"Interfacial fatigue stress in PVD TiN coated tool steels under rolling contact fatigue conditions","volume":"105","author":"Carvalho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"39","article-title":"A method for the assessment of the rolling contact fatigue of modern engineering materials in lubricated contact","volume":"36","author":"Michalczewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. FAMENA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalczewski, R., Kalbarczyk, M., Mankowska-Snopczynska, A., Osuch-Slomka, E., Piekoszewski, W., Snarski-Adamski, A., Szczerek, M., Tuszynski, W., Wulczynski, J., and Wieczorek, A. (2019). The effect of a gear oil on abrasion, scuffing, and pitting of the DLC-coated 18CrNiMo7-6 steel. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9010002"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/1350650111411380","article-title":"Characterization and properties of low-friction, multilayered Cr-doped diamond-like carbon coatings prepared by pulse biased filtered cathodic arc deposition","volume":"225","author":"Bujak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Michalczewski, R. (2012). Tribological Properties of Lubricated, High-Loaded Machine Elements with Deposited Low-Friction Coatings, ITeE-PIB. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.08.010","article-title":"Multiltilayer diamond-like amorphous carbon coatings produced by ion irradiation of polymer films","volume":"327","author":"Buchegger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.02.062","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of thermal sprayed WC-CoCr-steel systems: Role of process and deposition parameters","volume":"315","author":"Vackel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.08.012","article-title":"Optimization of HVOF Cr3C2NiCr coating for increased fatigue performance","volume":"305","author":"Varis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Piekoszewski, W. (2011). Effect of Coatings on Surface Fatigue of Lubricated Steel Tribosystems, ITeE-PIB. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2007.12.010","article-title":"Effect of ageing automotive gear oils on scuffing and pitting","volume":"41","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/7086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:57Z","timestamp":1760168037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/22\/7086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14227086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14227086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]}}}